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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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abnormally delayed or infrequent passage of dry, hardened stool
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constipation
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elimination of waste and undigested food from the rectum
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defecation
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state of being stretched out or filled overfull
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distention
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inability to retain urine or feces due to loss of sphincter control
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incontinence
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flatus
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gas in the digestive tract
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chair with a open seat to accommodate a bedpan or other receptacle for feces and urine
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commode
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utensil for urination
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urinal
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utensil used by a female for defecation and urination and by the male for defecation
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bedpan
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small, flat bedpan used for patients who are in casts or are unable to use conventional bedpan
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fracture pan
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external opening of the rectum
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anus
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semi-solid medicated substance for introduction into the rectum, vagina, or urethra
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suppository
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ringlike muscle surrounding and closing an opening
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sphincter
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dilated blood vessels in the anal area
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hemorrhoids
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polyps
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growths attached to the mucous membranes of the nose, bladder, colon or uterus
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introduction of fluid into the rectum and colon
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enema
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frequent movement of the bowels; increased number of stools per day, often liquid or semi-liquid
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diarrhea
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inflammation of the colon
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colitis
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incision into the colon to form an artificial anus or stoma
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colostomy
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collection of hardened feces in the rectum and/or sigmoid
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fecal impaction
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artificially created opening between the body cavity and body surface to divert feces, urine or both; closer to the stomach
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proximal stoma
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artificially created opening between the body cavity and body surface to divert feces, urine, or both; closer to the colon or rectum
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distal stoma
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any abnormal tube-like passage within body tissue
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fistula
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X-ray radiocontrast agent for imaging the GI tract
Can cause an impaction Stool will be chaulky white after procedure |
barium
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absolute inability to pass stool
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obstipation
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defecation reflex activated when an individual ingests a diet high in bulk
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gastrocolic reflex
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blood that appears from a nonspecific source, with obscure S/S
black, tarry stool is an indicator |
occult blood
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used to draw fluids out of the body into the colon in order to provide the volume of water to promote a bowel movement (can cause cramping)
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hypertonic enema
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plain water inserted into the colon to promote bowel movement is a ....
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hypotonic enema
(may need to replenish electrolytes afterward) |
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A standard saline solution used to promote bowel elimination is neither absorbed by the body nor draws fluid out, so it is a ....
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isotonic enema
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an opening in the large intestine or colon
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colostomy
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The opening of a colostomy is called a ...
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stoma
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The output from a stoma (colostomy) is called...
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effluent
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an opening in the ileal portion of the small intestine is an...
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ileostomy
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If a patient requires elimination assistance, what three things should the nurse ALWAYS do?
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1. Show respect for a patients privacy
2. Provide necessary comfort measures 3. Attend to the patient's emotional needs |
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A patient is considered to have constipation if they haven't had a BM in ___ days
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three
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When intestinal motility slows, the body absorbs ______ fecal water content
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more / additional
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What are the first measures that should be taken initially for constipation?
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increased dietary fiber
increased fluids moderate exercise elimination of laxative use |
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Name the stepwise levels of intervention for constipation
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Bulk-forming laxatives used in combination with a saline/osmotic laxative
Increase water intake Stimulant laxatives or senna |
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Emollient laxatives are associated with ____ ____ ____
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lipoid aspiration pneumonia
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A patient's inability to control the passage of feces and gas is called...
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fecal incontinence
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What procedure is performed to determine if a fecal impaction is present?
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digital rectal exam (DRE)
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Diarrhea is often due to ___ or _____ use
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diet
antibiotic |
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An example of organism-related diarrhea is...
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Clostridium difficle
(food-borne pathogen) |
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Any rectal procedure may cause a vagus response presenting as...
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bradycardia
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A ____ pan is designed for patients with body or leg casts or patients restricted from raising their hips
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fracture
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Bristol Stool Form Scale: separate hard lumps like nuts (difficult to pass)
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Type 1
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Bristol Stool Form Scale: sausage shaped but lumpy
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Type 2
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Bristol Stool Form Scale: like a sausage but with cracks on surface
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Type 3
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Bristol Stool Form Scale: like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft
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Type 4
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Bristol Stool Form Scale: soft blobs with clear-cut edges (passed easily)
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Type 5
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Bristol Stool Form Scale: fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool
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Type 6
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Bristol Stool Form Scale: watery, no solid pieces (entirely liquid)
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Type 7
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Functional constipation includes two or more of the following factors:
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1. straining with defecation at least one quarter of the time
2. lumpy or hard stools (or both) one quarter of the time 3. sensation of incomplete evacuation one quarter of the time 4. two or fewer BMs in a week |
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What are some of the S/S of fecal impaction?
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constipation, rectal discomfort, anorexia, N/V, abdominal pain, diarrhea (around the impacted stool) and urinary frequency
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Excessive rectal manipulation causes irritation to the mucosa, bleeding and stimulation of the ____ nerve causing bradycardia
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vagus
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Before proceeding with a DRE to remove a fecal impaction, what is the FIRST thing a nurse should assess?
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when the last BM was
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What position should the patient be in to remove a fecal impaction?
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Left, side-lying (Sims) right leg flexed
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____ _____ act by lubricating the rectum and colon, feces become softer and easier to pass
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oil-retention enemas
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Cleansing enemas promote complete evacuation of feces from the colon by ...
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stimulating peristalsis through infusion of large volumes of solution
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_____ _____ contain pharmacological therapeutic agents; some prescribed to reduce high serum potassium levels or reduce bacteria in the colon before bowel surgery
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medicated enemas
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___ ___ enema is a return flow enema that helps to expel intestinal gas
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Harris Flush
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___ ____ is pure castile soap added to either tap water or normal saline
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soapsuds enema (SSE)
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Recommended ratio of pure soap to solution for a SSE is...
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5mL to 1000mL
(1 teaspoon to 1 quart) |
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____ ____ provides relief from gaseous distention (e.g. MGW solution)
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carminative solution
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A patient should never receive more than ____ enemas to avoid fluid/electrolyte imbalance
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three
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A high enema container should be placed ___ to ____ inches above level of anus
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12-18
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A regular enema container should be placed ____ inches above level of anus
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12
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A low enema container should be placed ____ inches above level of anus
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3
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During an enema, a patient's abdomen becomes rigid and distended; what do you do?
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STOP the procedure
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During an enema, a patient complains of abdominal cramping; what do you do?
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lower height of bag to slow installation of fluids; have patient breath through nose and out through mouth to relax
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During an enema, you notice there seems to be some bleeding; what do you do?
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STOP the procedure
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If you have given 3 large volume enemas and there is still continued fecal matter, what is your next step?
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contact the MD
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What is the rule for giving a pediatric patient an enema?
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No hypertonic solutions
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the diversion of urine away from a diseased or defective bladder through a surgically created stoma
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urostomy
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The ____ ____ is a pouch made from a segment of the ileum and placed under the abdominal wall
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continent ileostomy
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What are the 2 types of continent urinary diversions?
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continent urinary resevoir
orthotopic neobladder |
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The flush or retracted stoma may require a ____ wafer for successful pouching
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convex
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An ostomy pouch should be changed every ___-____ days
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3-7
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An ileal conduit is usually located in the ____ _____ quadrant
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right lower
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____ of a urinary diversion is the only way to obtain an accurate culture and sensitivity specimen
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catheterization
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What type of colostomy is usually irrigated?
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sigmoid
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Stool from a sigmoid colostomy is...
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much like from the rectum
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Stool from a transverse colostomy is ....
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mushy; ascending-liquid
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Stool from an Ileostomy is ...
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watery to thick liquid (must be pouched because it runs all the time)
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Why should pouching changes be avoided right after meals?
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the gastroccolic reflux
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What are the three methods of colostomy irrigation?
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cone catheter, straight catheter or bulb
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When irrigating a colostomy, insert tubing ___-___ inches
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3-5
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A common test performed on fecal material is the ____ test for fecal occult blood
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guaiac
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