Nucleotides And Dna

Front 1

What components does a nucleotide consist of?

Back 1

A pentose sugar

A nitrogenous base

A phosphate group

Front 2

What elements do all nucleotides contain?

Back 2

C

H

O

N

P

Front 3

What do nucleotides make up?

Back 3

Nucliec acids such as DNA and RNA

Front 4

What is DNA used for?

Back 4

To store genetic information and instructions and that cells need to grow and develop

Front 5

What does RNA do?

Back 5

Produces proteins from specific instructions provided by DNA.

Front 6

Types of nucleotides and their function

Back 6

ATP

ADP

Their function is to store and transport energy in cells

Front 7

What is the pentose sugar in DNA?

Back 7

Deoxyribose

Front 8

What is the only thing that changes on each DNA nucleotide?

Back 8

The bases

Front 9

What are the four possible bases?

Back 9

Adenine

Thymine

Cytosine

Guanine

Front 10

Which are purines?

Back 10

Adenine

Guanine

Front 11

Which are pyramidines

Back 11

Thymine

Cytosine

Front 12

Difference between purines and pyramidines

Back 12

Purines have 2 carbon Nitrogen rings joined together whereas pyramidines have a single carbon Nitrogen ring

Front 13

Is purine or pyramidine smaller?

Back 13

Pyramidine

Front 14

The sugar in RNA

Back 14

Ribose

Front 15

What are the possible bases in RNA?

Back 15

Adenine

Uracil

Guanine

Cytosine

Front 16

How many polynucleotides is RNA made you of?

Back 16

One

Front 17

What is the term called wn you add one or more phosphate groups to a nucleotide?

Back 17

Phosphorylation

Front 18

What does ADP stand for?

Back 18

Adenosine

Di

Phosphate

Front 19

What does ATP stand for?

What separate parts is it made up of?

Back 19

Adenosine

Tri

Phosphate

Has a ribose sugar

The base adenine

3 phosphate groups

Front 20

What provides energy for chemical reactions in the cell?

Back 20

ATP

Front 21

How is ATP produced? Where does the energy required for this come from?

Back 21

ADP is phosphorylated using the energy released from the breakdown of glucose during respiration. A phosphate bond is formed.

Front 22

What does ATP do? Where does it store it?

Back 22

Stores energy within its phosphate bond. When energy is required this bond is broken down into ADP and a inorganic phosphate again. This energy is used by the cell.

Front 23

Nucleotides join together to create what?

Back 23

Polynucleotides

Front 24

Between what do the nucleotides join up to form a polynucleotide?

Back 24

The phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another

Front 25

What is the bond called in a polynucleotide?

Back 25

Phosphodiester bond

Consists of two ester bonds and one phosphate group.

Front 26

What is the single bond in the polynucleotide called?

Back 26

Ester bonds

Front 27

What are chains of sugar and phosphates known as?

Back 27

Sugar- phosphate backbone

Front 28

How can polynucleotides be broken down into nucleotides again?

Back 28

By breaking the phosphodiester bonds

Front 29

How many polynucleotide strands are there in DNA?

Back 29

2

Front 30

What is the bonding between the bases?

Back 30

Hydrogen bonding

Front 31

Name the complementary Base pairings

Back 31

Adenine and Thymine

Cytosine and Guanine

Front 32

How many hydrogen bonds form between each?

Back 32

A and T = 2 form

C and G = 3 form

Front 33

What cause the DNA to coil?

Back 33

The hydrogen bonds

Front 34

Two joined polynucleotides travel in what direction to each other?

Back 34

Anti- parallel

Front 35

What does detergent do in a purification reaction?

Back 35

Breaks down cell membrane

Front 36

Process of DNA replication

Step 1:

Back 36

DNA untwists

DNA helicase breaks down hydrogen bonds Between the two polynucleotides.

This causes the helix to unzip to form two single strands

Front 37

Process of DNA replication

Step 2:

Back 37

Each original strand acts as a template for new nucleotides.

These new free floating nucleotides bind to their complementary exposed bases on original strand.

Front 38

Process of DNA replication:

Step 3:

Back 38

DNA polymerase then joins the new strands together.

Sugar phosphate backbone forms

Hydrogen bonds form between the bases of the original and new strand

The strands twist into a double helix

Front 39

What is semi-conservative replication ?

Back 39

Half of the strands of DNA are new and half are original.

Front 40

What can computer modelling be used to investigate?

Back 40

Nucliec acids structure

Front 41

Describe the structure of DNA

Back 41

Hydrogen bonding between complementary bases (A and T, G and C) on two antiparallel DNA polynucleotides leads to the formation of a DNA molecule and how the twisting of DNA produces it's double helix shape.

Front 42

What can a mutation in protein be a result of?

Back 42

A sigle DNA base could be different. This can alter the sequence of amino acids in proteins. An abnornal protein many be produced as a result.

Front 43

How is the DNA molecule the same width all the way through

Back 43

Purines to pyramidines