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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What components make up nucleotides? |
• pentose sugar • nitrogenous base • phosphate group |
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What is the sugar in DNA? |
Deoxyribose |
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What is a purine? |
2 carbon nitrogen rings joined together |
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What is a pyramidine? |
One carbon nitrogen ring. Smaller than purine |
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What bases are called a pYramidine? |
CYtosine and thYmine |
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What bases are known as a purine? |
Adenine and Guanine |
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What is the sugar in RNA called? |
Ribose |
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How does ATP release energy? |
ATP+H2O= ADP+inorganic phosphate+energy ATP is hydrolised into ADP ADP is phosphorylated to form ATP |
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What reaction causes nucleotides to join up between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another? |
Condensation |
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What bonds hold the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another? |
Phosphodiester |
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How many hydrogen bonds between A and T |
2 |
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How many hydrogen bonds between C and G |
3 |
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What does detergent and salt do to a cell? |
Detergent= breaks down the cell membrane. Salt= binds to the DNA causing it to clump together |
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Explain how semi conservative replication occurs? |
1) DNA helicase- breaks h2 bonds and unzip the helix 2) each original= template 3) free nucleotides complimentary to the bases join 4) DNA polymerase joins them. 5) each new DNA molecule has one strand original and one new strand. |
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What is a gene? |
A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a polypeptide. |
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How many bases are needed to code for an amino acid? |
3 - triplet |
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Describe the genetic code? |
•Non-overlapping •Degenerative •Universal |
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Explain transcription? |
RNA polymerase attaches to DNA 2) h2 bonds breaks and uncoils 3) one strand used as a template to make an mRNA copy 4) RNA nucleotides line up to complimentary. 5) they join together 1) RNA polymerase attaches to DNA2) h2 bonds breaks and uncoils3) one strand used as a template to make an mRNA copy4) RNA nucleotides line up to complimentary.5) they join together6)RNA polymerase moves along the DNA separating and assembling the mRNA strand7)H2 bonds reform 8) when polymerase reaches stop cordon it stops making mRNA9) mRNA moves out thru the nuclear pore RNA polymerase attaches to DNA2) h2 bonds breaks and uncoils3) one strand used as a template to make an mRNA copy4) RNA nucleotides line up to complimentary.5) they join together6)RNA polymerase moves along the DNA separating and assembling the mRNA strand7)H2 bonds reform 8) when polymerase reaches stop cordon it stops making mRNA9) mRNA moves out thru the nuclear pore RNA polymerase attaches to DNA2) h2 bonds breaks and uncoils3) one strand used as a template to make an mRNA copy4) RNA nucleotides line up to complimentary.5) they join together6)RNA polymerase moves along the DNA separating and assembling the mRNA strand7)H2 bonds reform 8) when polymerase reaches stop cordon it stops making mRNA9) mRNA moves out thru the nuclear pore RNA polymerase attaches to DNA2) h2 bonds breaks and uncoils3) one strand used as a template to make an mRNA copy4) RNA nucleotides line up to complimentary.5) they join together6)RNA polymerase moves along the DNA separating and assembling the mRNA strand7)H2 bonds reform 8) when polymerase reaches stop cordon it stops making mRNA9) mRNA moves out thru the nuclear pore 6)RNA polymerase moves along the DNA separating and assembling the mRNA strand 7)H2 bonds reform 8) when polymerase reaches stop cordon it stops making mRNA 9) mRNA moves out thru the nuclear pore |
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Explain the process of translation |
1) mRNA attaches itself to a ribosomes 2) tRNA carries amino acids to ribosom 3) tRNA molecule with anticodon complimentary to the start codon 4) a second tRNA attaches the same way 5) rRNA catalyses the formation of a peptide bond between the two 6) process Carries on till it reaches a stop codon. 7) chain moves away and is complete |
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Examples of intracellular enzymes? |
•Hydrogen peroxide •Catalase |
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Examples of extracellular enzymes |
•Amylase • Trypsin |
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What does the shape of an active site depend on? |
Tertiary structure |
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What is the influence of temperature enzyme activity? |
• rise in temp = more vibration= faster= freq collision. • if temperature is too high=break bond= change shape of active site= denatured |
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How does pH affect enzyme activity? |
Change in pH above or below,changes the H2 conc= changes tertiary structure= denatured |
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What affects enzyme activity? |
• temperature • pH • enzyme concentration • substrate concentration |
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What do cofactors do? |
Helps bind enzyme and substrate together |
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What do coenzymes do? |
Organic molecule that helps |
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What is precursor activation? |
Need to change active site. |