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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What autonomic processes does the hypothal regulate?
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Thermoreg, HR, BP, GI activity, piloerection, H2O metabolism, gen metabolism, bladder contraction, & sex behavior
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What emotional responses does the hypothal reg?
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aggressive & defensive rxns, anger, rage, & placidity
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What role does the hypothal play in the limbic sys?
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One of the major efferent outflows
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What parts of the hypothal produce parasym responses?
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anterior & medial
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What parts of the hypothal produce sympathetic responses?
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posterior & lateral
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What are the efferent prjections from the hypothal?
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Brainstem centers, pregang parasym of CN III, VII, IX, & X nuclei. Spinal Cord: Intermediolateral cell column (T1-L2) & Parasym nuc (S2-S4) via DLF and reticulospinal tr
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How does the hypothal integrate autonomic & somatic responses from emotional states?
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Its axons can terminate on somatic motoneurons in the ventral gray horn
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How does the hypothal receive info?
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Through afferent fiber tr & humoral factors in blood
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What is the relationship of the post pituitary to the hypothal?
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The post pit is an extension of the hypothal. Has direct neuronal connections.
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What is the relationship of the ant pituitary w/ the hypothal?
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Regulates ant pit via releasing or inhib factors that are released into the hypophyseal portal sys
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What are the ant & post boundaries of the hypothal?
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Ant: lamina terminalis, b/w ant commissure & optic chiasm. Post: post edge of the mammillary body.
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What are the dorsal & ventral boundaries of the hypothal?
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Dorsal: sulcus limitans Ventral: subarachnoid space
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What is the lateral boundary of the hypothal?
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Fibers of the subthalamus & optic tr
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How is the hypothal organized?
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3 large regions: 1) Supraoptic/ant 2) Tuberal 3) Mammillary/post (ea w/ a medial & lat portion)
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What divides the medial & lateral regions?
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An imaginary saggital line from the fornix to the mammillary bodies
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What composes the blood supply of the hypothal?
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Small penetrating br from the Circle of Willis (sits @ the bease of the hypothal & surrounds the pituitary)
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When is the blood supply to the hypothal susceptible to injury?
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From vehicular accidents & birth trauma
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Describe the hypophseal portal sys.
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Sup Hypophyseal a. (br of int carotid), divides into cap loops in median eminence, drain into portal vessels along infundibular stalk, & enter adenohypoph cap plexus. From adeno drain into cavernous sinus
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What part of the hypothal mediates parasym functions?
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ant & medial
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What part of the hypothal mediates sympathetic functions?
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post & lateral
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What are the functions of the ant hypothal & pre-optic area?
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reproductive behavior, thermoreg, control ant pituitary, circadian rhythms, & sexual dimorphism (via pre-optic nuclei)
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Which ant hypothal nuclei control the ant pituitary?
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arcuate & paraventricular (CRH, GHRF, TRF, dopamine)
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Which ant hypothal nuclei control sexual functions?
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arcuate, suprachiasmatic & pre-optic area
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Which ant hypothal nuclei controls circadian rhythms?
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suprachiasmatic (via direct connections w/ the retina)
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What happens if the SCN is destroyed?
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Disrupt circadian rhythmicity of hormone release, estrous cycles, & activity pattern
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What is the function of the post hypothal?
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maintains body "set point" temp. Acts as a thermostat to to raise body temp to maintain core temp
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What is "set point" temp?
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37°C or 98.6°F (an avg)
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How does the post hypo raise temp?
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By dec sweating & blood flow to the skin and causing shivering
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What results from destruction of the AH/POA and PH?
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Poikilopthermia: body temp follows temp of environment. Can also occur w/ lesion of PH.
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What is the function of Ventromedial & Lateral Hypothal Nuc?
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Reg food intake
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What results from lesions of ventral medial hypothal?
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hyperphagia (opposite if VMH is stim)
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What results from lesion of the dorsal lateral hypothal?
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hypophagia(opposite if DMH is stim)
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What nuclei are important for fluid balance? How?
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SON & PVN. They secrete vassopressin (ADH) which is transported to the post pituitary
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Which nuc primarily secret ADH?
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SON
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Which nuc primarily secret oxytocin?
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PVN
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What happens if the SON & PVN are lesioned?
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Diabetes Insipidus (Polydipsia & Polyuria)
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What are the major afferent hypothalamic interconnections?
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Fornix (from hippo to VMH), Stia Terminalis (from amygdala to anthypothal & pre-optic area), Medial Forebrain Bundle ("int cap of limbic sys), Mammillary Peduncle (from midbrain tegmentum to mammillary bodies), & Retina (direct to SCN via optic tr)
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What are the major efferent paths from hypothal?
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Medial Forebrain Bundle, Mamilothalamic tr, Mammillotegmental tr, Dorsal Long Fasiculus, & Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal potal sys
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What role does the hypotal play in the limbic sys?
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sends neural info to the BS & SC and hormones into blood. Results in visceral & somatic response to sensory inputs
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What is amenorrhea? What lesioned structures cause this?
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Arrest of mensesdue to insufficient LHRH or FSH. Damage to AH/POA, tuberal hypothal, or pituitary
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What is galactorrhea? What lesioned structures cause this?
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Spontaneous production of milk w/o nursing or secretion of FSH & LH. Damage to arcuate nuc, AH/POA, median eminence, or pituitary stalk
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What is poikilothermia? What lesioned structures cause this?
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Body temp follows temp of environment. Damage to AH/POA & PH or just PH alone
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What is diabetes insipidus? What lesioned structures cause this?
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Polydipsia & polyuria due to dec ADH. Damage to SON, PVN, or pit stalk
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What is acromegaly? What lesioned structures cause this?
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Enlargement of the extremities (may also have headaches & vision problems) due to hypersecretion of GH after maturation. Damage to arcuate nuc or PVN or lesions of adenohypophysis.
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What is Cushing's disease? What causes this?
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Excess ACTH causes hyperadenocorticism (inc cortisol). Caused by pituitary tumor or PVN. They get protein depletion, fat face, neck & trunk, kyphosis, amenorrhea, hypertrichosis, impotence, muscle weakness, & pain in abdomen & back.
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What visual signs can be caused be hypothalamic diseases? What causes this?
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bitemporal hemianopsia. Caused by ptuitary tumors that push on optic chiasm
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