Usu Neuro: 4 Hypothalamus

Front 1

The Hypothalamus is a one of (4) divisions of what?

Back 1

The hypothalamus is a division of the DIENCHPHALON.

Front 2

What are the (4) divisions of the diencephalon?

Back 2

Diencephalon:
1. Dorsal Thalamus
2. Subthalamus
3. Hypothalamus
4. Epithalamus

Front 3

The (3) responses coordinated by the Hypothalamus are:

Back 3

1. Autonomic
2. Behaviors
3. Endocrine

Front 4

The borders of the Hypothalamus are:
Ant:
Post:
Med:
Lat:
Dorsal:
Ventral:

Back 4

The borders of the Hypothalamus are:
Ant: Lamina Terminalis
Post: Mammilary Bodies
Med: 3rd Ventricle
Lat: Subthalamus
Dorsal: Hypothalamic Sulcus
Ventral: Pituitary Gland

Front 5

What are the (5) Cytoarchitechural Regions of the Hypothalamus?

(What region is not structurally part of the hypothalamus but functionally related?)

Back 5

1. Preoptic Area
2. Supraoptic area
3. Tuberal region
4. Mammillary region
5. Lateral hypothalamic area

(Circumventricular Organs - lamina terminalis and subfornical organ)

Front 6

What region is not structurally part of the hypothalamus but functionally related?

Function?

Back 6

Circumventricular Organs -
- lamina terminalis
- subfornical organ

They have NO BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

Function - Serve as a fluid balance "window". Have role in drinking behavior and vasopressin (anti diuretic).

Front 7

What is the function of the POA?

Back 7

The POA:

SEX SEX SEX SEX!

1. Mediates the release of gonad hormones
2. Initiaties sexual development
3. controls reproduction
4. plays a role in sexual arousal

Front 8

What nucleus (which is a different size in men than women) is found in the POA?

Back 8

Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus

Front 9

What part of the POA included the lamina terminalis and subfornical organ?

Back 9

Circumventricular Organs

Front 10

Describe the Circumventricular Organs

Back 10

The CVOs are HIGHLY VASCULARIZED and have NO BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER.

(Function: fluid balance)

Front 11

What is the function of the Circumventricular Organs?

Back 11

Fluid Balance:
-Drinking
- Vasopressin release (anti-diuretic hormone)

Serves as a 'window' on the the state of peripheral blood.

Front 12

The (2) parts of the Supraoptic region and their function are:

Back 12

Two parts:
1. Paraventricular
2. Supraoptic Nuclei

Function: Produce oxytocin and vaspressin

Front 13

The (3) nuclei of the tubular region are:

Back 13

Regions nuclei of the tubular region are:
1. Ventormedial nucleus
2. Arcuate nucleus
3. Posterior Hypothalamus

Front 14

The (2) nuclei of the Mammillary Region are:

Back 14

1. Posterior Hypothalamus- projects to SC regulating autonomic responses.

2. Mammillary Bodies - Short-term memory

Front 15

Lateral Hypothalamic Area (LHA)

Location:
Function:

Back 15

Lateral Hypothalamic Area (LHA)

Location: lies lateral to the fornix and mamillothalamic tract
Function: functions related to autonomic aspects of survival

Front 16

What are the (4) afferent pathways to the hypothalamus and what they innervate?

Back 16

1. Retinohypothalamic tract -->
Suprochiasmatic nucleus (Circadian Rhythm)

2. Fornix
- Pre-commissural fibers --> septal region (learning and memory)
Fornix
- Post-commissural fibers --> Mammilary region (memory)

3. Stria terminalis --> Hypothalamus (Emotion)

4. Ventral Amygdalafugal Pathway --> Hypothalamus (Emotion)

Front 17

What are the two Reciprocal (afferent and efferent) pathways of the hypothalamus and what do they inter-connect?

Back 17

BOTH WAY (Afferent/Efferent) pathways.

1. Medial Forebrain Bundle
Interconnects: Hypothalamus, septal region, reticular formation, autonomic nervous system

2. Dorsal Longitudinal Fasciculus
Interconnects: hypothalamus, autonomic nervous system.

Front 18

What are the three EFFERENT pathways of the hypothalamus?

Back 18

Efferent Pathways:

1. Mammillothalamic Tract:
(MEMORY) Mamm.Bodies --> Ant.Nucleus of Thalamus

(PITUITARY GLAND CONNECTIONS:)
2. Hypothalamo-Neurohypophysial Tract:
3. Tuberohyphysial Tract:

Front 19

What do Tuberohypophysial tract fibers release?

Back 19

Tuberohypophysial tract fibers release:

RELEASING and INHIBITORY factions into primary capillar plexus (to ANT.PITUITARY)

Front 20

Where are the Primary capillary plexuses located?

Back 20

The Primary Capillary Plexuses are lovated in the MEDIAN EMINENCE and INFUNDIBULAR STEM.

Front 21

Where are the Secondary Capillary Plexuses located?

(Hypophysial Portal System)

Back 21

The secondary capillary plexuses are located in the ANT.LOBE of PITUITARY.

Front 22

How are Primary and Secondary Capillary Plexuses different?

Back 22

The Primary Plexus TAKES UP inhibitory and releasing factors.
(Median Eminence and Infundibular System)

The Secondary Plexus SECRETES releasing and inhibitory factors.
(ANT.LOBE of PITUITARY)

Front 23

Where in the Hypothalamus is Parasympathetic control located?

Back 23

Parasympathetic control: Anterior and Medial Regions.

Activates: Vagus and sacral parasympathtetic innervation

Front 24

Where in the Hypothalamus is Sympathetic control located?

Back 24

Sympathetic control: Lateral and Posterior regions

Activates: SC levels T1-L2/L3

Front 25

What is the function of the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary?

Back 25

Anterior Pituitary cells SECRETE HORMONES into circulation.

Front 26

Emotional Behavior:
Input:
Activates:
Lesions:

Back 26

Emotional Behavior:
Input: Cerebral cortex and limbic system
Activates: Hypothalamic initiation of rage and fight/flight behavior
Lesions: cause SHAM RAGE REACTIONS

Emotional behavior is coordinated with: Sympathetic responses, release of stress hormone.

Front 27

What is the Hypothalamic output of the Stress Response Pathway?

Back 27

Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) neurons in the "Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis" (HPA Axis)

Front 28

Where does CRF act, and what effect foes it have?

Back 28

CRF stimulates the Pituitary to release ACTH.

ACTH = Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Front 29

Where does ACTH axct, and what effect does it have?

Back 29

ACTH binds to receptors in the ADRENAL CORTEX, stimulating the synthesis and release of GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Front 30

How is the stress response terminated?

Back 30

Glucocorticoids terminate the stress response (negative feedback)

Front 31

In what three ways does the Hypothalamus play a role in the Neuro-Immune Network?

Back 31

1. Behavioral effects:
- illness symptoms

2. Autonomic effects:
- raising body temperature

3. Endocrine effects:
- Immunosuppression

Front 32

Effects of Glucocorticoids

Back 32

Glucocorticoids:
1. Stimulate liver gluconeogenesis
2. reduce inflammation and immune responsivity
3. Glucocorticoids terminate the stress response via feedback inhibition of CRF and ACTH.

Front 33

Outline of stess response:

Back 33

Stress:

1. Cortical and limbic system recognizes stress -->
2.CRF is released from HPA-Axis -->
3. ACTH released from pituitary cells
4. Glucocorticoids are released from Adrenal Cortex

Front 34

The Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei synthesis:

(2) Hormones

Back 34

1. Vasopressin
2. Oxytocin

Front 35

Damage or destruction of Antidiuretic Hormone Neurons in the SUPRAOPTIC and PARAVENTRICULAR Nuclei can lead to:

Back 35

Diabetes Insipidus

Symptoms: increased urine output, increase need for fluid intake

Front 36

Wat is the function of Oxytocin?

Back 36

REGULATING MATERNAL BEHAVIORS

1. Mediates PARTURITION (maternal labor)
2. Milk letdown reflex

Front 37

Korsakoff's Syndrome:
1. Common patients:
2. Associated with degeneration of _____(2 structues).
3. Deficiency:
4. Clinical Signs:

Back 37

Korsakoff's Syndrome:
1. Seen in Chronic ALCOHOLICS

2. Associated with degeneration of MAMMILLARY BODIES and DORSAL MEDIAL thalamic Nucleus

3. Deficiency: THIAMINE (B1)

4. Clinical Signs: Anterograde amnesia, compensatory confabulation, hallucinations.