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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the difference between fish, fishes, and fishery?
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Fish: single species, fishes: more than one species, fishery: a system that includes the fish (or fishes), habitat, & human users
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In modern usage, both wildlife and fish(es) include species or systems that involve _____________ & ________________use by humans
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consumptive & non-consumptive
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Management
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the manipulation of populations or habitats to achieve specific goals or endpoints
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What are the two general types of wildlife management?
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custodial & manipulative
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Custodial management
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preventive or protective. The aim is to minimize external influences on the population and its habitat.
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Manipulative management
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acts on a population, either changing its numbers by direct means or influencing numbers by the indirect means of altering food supply, habitat, density of predators, or prevalence of disease
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What are goals of management?
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change a population size, harvest population for continuing yield, or leave t alone & monitor
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Ecology
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the study of interrelationships between organisms and their environment
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Management order (general to specific)
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Biology to Ecology to Management
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Life History
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traits that describe the life cycle of an organism (birth, maturation, reproduction, death)
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Conservation vs Preservation
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sustainable management and use of natural resources vs leaving natural systems or resources as they are
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Ecosystem Management
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an approach to maintaining or restoring the composition, structure, & function of natural & modified ecosystems for the goal of long-term stability
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Adaptive Resource Management (ARM)
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implies making decisions as part of an on-going process (includes assessment & monitoring)
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Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem
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one of the most economically important ecosystems in N America & one of most important for biodiversity
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Where is there good evidence that humans lead to a decline of megafauna?
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New Zealand
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What are the four essential quantities needed to accurately estimate the population dynamics of a population?
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births, deaths, immigration, emmigration
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What US president is thought to have had started the conservation movement?
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Teddy Roosevelt
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What is the basic unit of fish and wildlife management?
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population
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What is CRP?
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Conservation Reserve PRogram
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What is the Watershed Address for UofI?
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Boneyard, Saline, Salt Fork, Vermillion, Wabash, Ohio, Mississippi, Gulf
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Which is the largest river based on watershed area?
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Amazon River
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What term describes fish migration between oceans and streams?
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anadromy
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Fisheries management has long been an effort to...
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balance the “supply & demand” of fish
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What are the four H's of fishery management? What do they do?
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Harvest, Habitat, Hydropower, & Hatchery; "put a squeeze" on fish and effect their abundance/diversity
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Harvest
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human predation
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Yield Models
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equilibrium based recruitment & surplus production
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Habitat
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protection of functional places
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Hydropower passage
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(upstream & downstream): normalizing flow
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Hydropower decomissioning & removal
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reclaiming floodplain pulse
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What is the “Salmonid-centric” Ecosystem
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There are many factors – landscape, aquatic, salmonid, & human ecology
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“Human factor”
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more people placing greater & competing demands for the many “values” of a resource
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What are the 7 H's of "The Fish Squeeze"?
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Harvest, H2O, Habitat, Human, Heritage, Health, Hatchery
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What are the 5 periods of Post-European Settlement?
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Ear of Abundance, Overexploitatation, Protection, Game Management, & Environmental Management
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Era of Abundance (1600-1849)
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Myth of Superabundance-fish & wildlife species found in high numbers, and resources viewed as limitless
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Era of Overexploitation (1850-1899)
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wildlife populations declined, but there were reactive responses: first game wardens, hunting licenses, first bag limit, and first national park
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What is the first National Park?
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Yellowstone 1872
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Era of Protection (1900-1925)
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populations at historical lows, laws protecting wildlife established, depts of fish & wildlife established, Theodore Roosevelt era,
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Lacey Act (1925)
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regulated market hunting, controlled importation of exotics & interstate transport of illegal game
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Weeks-Mclean Act (1912)
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provided protection of waterfowl
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Migratory Birds Treaty Act (1917)
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protection of migratory birds
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Gifford Pinchot
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coined the term "conservation"
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John Muir
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Preservationist: protection for esthetic reasons
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Era of Game Management (1930-1965)
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First research & management programs developed in N America, publication of Game Management (1933) by Aldo Leopold, new legislaiton (Duck Stamp & Pittman-Robertson Acts)
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Aldo Leopold
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established “American Game Policy” with basic principles on requirements of wildlife as a sustained resource
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Commons
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a resource owned by the populace without restriction on who uses it and how much
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Era of Management (1965-Present)
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significant legislation (First Endangered Species Act, EPA established)
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1. Productivity at lower trophic levels (plants)...
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determine energy and nutrients that are available for populations at higher trophic levels (e.g., herbivores and predators)
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2. Composition of plant communities and the type of ecosystem in large part determines...
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habitat suitability for animal populations (applies to both terrestrial and aquatic communities)
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3. Ecological succession and successional habitats are important for...
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many important wildlife species(game and non-game)
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What is the key aspect of habitat quality for a foraging animals?
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to maximize energy intake /unit time and to minimize risk in getting that energy or other resources
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4. What are associations between diversity and stability, and ecosystem function?
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ecosystems are buffered by their species diversity
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Stephen Forbes (1844-1930)
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First Chief of the Illinois Natural History Survey; concerned with more than just surveying species distributions & occurrences
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Communities
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interacting assemblage of living organisms in an area
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Descriptive communities
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groups of populations that occur in the same area
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Functional communities
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populations that interact with each other
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Communities are _________ than an ecosystem, often ________than a population
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smaller; bigger
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Community Ecology
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oldest discipline in ecology that specifies the importance of interspecific interactions in descriptive natural history
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Competition
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when two individuals vie for the same resource (directly or indirectly), resulting in a mutually negative effect on the pair
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Intraspecific competition
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involves members of the same species
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Interspecific competition
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involves members of two (or more) different species
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Direct competition
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interference or contest competition: when organisms prevent access or harm one another while seeking a resource
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Indirect competition
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consumption of a shared resource
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What happened with the ant and mice experiment?
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When mice population went down, ants went up (& viceversa)
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Predation
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individuals of one species killing another for food
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Population
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a group of organisms of the same species that occupy a space sufficiently close to find each other and reproduce
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What is the exponential growth rate equation for overlapping generations?
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dN /dT = rN (where dN = Change in Number, dT = Change in Time, r = Exponential growth rate of a population, N = Population Size at Any Given Moment)
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What is the exponential growth rate equation for non-overlapping generations?
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N = (R0t)(N0) (where N = population size at end of reproduction, Ro = net replacement rate / generation, t = number of generations)
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Semelparity
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the occurrence of a single act of reproduction during an organism’s lifetime
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Iteroparity
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repeated production of offspring at intervals throughout the organism’s lifetime
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What is the logistic growth rate equation?
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dN /dT = rN (1 – N /K) (where dN = Change in Number, dT = Change in Time, r = Exponential growth rate of a population, N = Population size at any given moment, K= Carrying Capacity)
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Population Dynamics
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the study of changes in the number and composition of individuals in a population, and the factors that influence those changes
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Four Essential Quantities: BIDE
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B = Births, D = Deaths, I = Immigrants, E = Emigrants
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According to BIDE, what is a stable abundance?
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B + I = D + E
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According to BIDE, what is a growing abundance?
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B + I > D + E
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According to BIDE, what is a declining abundance?
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B + I < D + E
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Natality
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≈ birth rate, but also includes birth, hatching, germination, fission
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Fecundity
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number of young produced / unit time (often over a female’s lifetime
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Potential longevity
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physiological capability
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Realized longevity
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average under natural conditions
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Density
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number of individuals in a specified area
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Density Dependence
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association between density & individual reproduction or survival (can be negative or positive feedback)
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Density Independence
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no association between density and individual reproduction or survival
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Regulatory factors tend to be density ___________.
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dependent
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Control factors tend to be density ___________.
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independent
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How much of IL is covered by substitute grasslands (pastures & hayfields)?
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11%
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Shelterbelts
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offer protection from erosion & habitat for reproduction, broods, & winter cover (also called conservation buffers)
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Agricultural Act of 1956 (Soil Bank)
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paid farmers to retire land from production for 3-10 years; reduce soil erosion and production surpluses that drive down market price of crops
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Food and Agriculture Act of 1965 (a.k.a. the Crop Adjustment Program (CAP))
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plant grasses and legumes instead of row crops
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Food Security Act of 1985 (a.k.a. the “Farm Bill”)
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provided for Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) where acreage set aside specifically for creating habitat
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What are 2 notes to make when managing habitat for food?
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1. Dietary needs, 2. Management of preferred foods
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Silviculture
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the regeneration, tending, and harvesting of trees and forest habitat
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Even-aged Management
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trees in an area are about the same age and size
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Uneven-aged Management
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trees in an area are different ages and size
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Clear-cut
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removal of all trees from an area
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Shelterwood cut
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removal of all but a few large trees that provide shade for seedlings
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Group-selection cut
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removal of a small group of trees
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Old Growth
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generally viewed as “virgin” forest that has not been cut
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Snags
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dead or dying trees that offer nesting and foraging habitat for a diverse group of birds, mammals & herpetofauna
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Rangelands
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areas generally unsuitable for cultivation but useful for browsing & grazing animals
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“Lentic” Ecosystems & Habitats
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natural systems & man-made systems
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What are 7 ecological drivers of lakes?
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oxygen, temperature, morphology, structure/vegetation, water sources, nutrient chemistry, trophic structure
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Movement
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simple changing of location; active or passive
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Dispersal
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departure from an area with no expectation of return (one way trip)
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Migration
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specialized & beneficial behavior associated with changing habitats & later returning (return ticket trip); requires detection & memory
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Anadromous migration
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spawn in FW & grow in oceans
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Catadromous migration
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spawn in oceans grow in FW
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Adfluvial migration
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spawn in lakes & grow up or downstream
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Fluvial migration
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spawn in one part of river & grow up or downstream
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Philopatry migration
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fidelity to a stream or even a specific site ("breeding site fidelity")
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Species that don't disperse/migrate occupy a ____________ _______.
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closed lake
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Fidelity also is a ______________ characteristic
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proportional
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Semalparity v. Iteroparity is not a binary character, but rather a...
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proportion of a population
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Wetlands are managed by __________.
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IDNR
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Applied Population Ecology
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harvesting, how much to harvest
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Density Dependence
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association between density and individual reproduction or survival (can be negative or positive feedback)
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Inversity
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a negative relationship between population density and natality or recruitment
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Compensatory Mortality
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when one source of mortality replaces another and the total rate of mortality does not change
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Additive Mortality
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when one source of mortality replaces another and the total rate of mortality changes
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Yield
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the absolute number of animals harvested (harvest rate * population size)
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Harvest rate (h)
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the proportion of the standing population harvested, so h= SY/(N+SY)
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Sustainable yield (harvest rate)
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one which can be repeated without causing population decline (based on harvesting only a population’s increment of growth)
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Maximum sustainable yield
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the largest increment of growth a population can produce (typically MSY is produced when population size is about 0.5K)
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Completely additive mortality
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the removal of an individual through harvesting results in a net increase in the overall mortality rate, merely adding to the losses from other mortality factors
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Completely compensatory mortality
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removal of one individual through harvesting results in the survival of another individual that would have died because of density-dependent mortality factors (the “doomed surplus” model)
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Optimal Sustained Yield
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a management philosophy that considers ecological and socioeconomic factors
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What 3 factors affect K?
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density dependent factors, density independent factors, and trophic effects on K
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What are some density-independent factors?
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weather & density dependent diseases
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What are some density-dependent factors?
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food, space, density-dependent epizootics
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What are trophic effects on K?
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Remove large fish, remove fish waste, removes fertilizer, removes smaller fish, up the food chain, less fish to catch
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What is the fixed effort harvest equation?
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H = (q)(E)(N) (where Yield = (efficiency)(Effort)(Population))
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Genetics
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the field of study concerned with transmission & inheritance of traits
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Genes
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the blueprints for how a trait is expressed; transmitted in Mendelian (regular) & clonal inheritance (understood ways)
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Genetics + Fishery Science = ____________________
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Fisheries Genetics
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Fisheries Genetics
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use of the tools & principles of genetics for understanding aquatic populations; aimed at managing, conserving, protecting, or restoring aquatic resources
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Native populations
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maintain the composition, structure, function, & viability of naturally-evolved gene pool diversity
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Desirable introduced populations
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maintain or “improve” the desired heritable characteristics of the population
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Biotic Diversity
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defining variation & diversity
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What is the Processes “Shaping” Variation & Diversity?
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Mutation, migration, mating “preferences”, random genetic drift, natural selection
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Variation & diversity among individuals is caused by...
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random assortment of allele types from ancestors
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Viable Species (in a conservation sense)
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widely distributed (historical range), locally abundant, network of sources and sinks, genetically robust (background biodiversity – C/S/F)
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Viable species (in a fishable sense)
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conservationally viable, sinks can withstand additional mortality without affecting demographic or genetic robustness, benefits from Source Refugia
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For population viability, what is the general rule called? What does it mean?
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50/500 rule; short term viability where Ne > 50 pairs & long term viability where Ne > 500 pairs
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What leads to (among-) population divergence?
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mutations, migration, mating preferences, differential random genetic drift, time, & selection
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If individuals from exogenous gene pools are introduced onto a native gene pool then...
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the fitness of the native gene pool will exceed that of the non-native, introduced gene pool
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If individuals from exogenous gene pools survive, mature, & reproduce, then...
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potential for intermating & introgressive gene flow between native exogenous gene pools & there will be lowered of fitness of introgressed population relative to native gene pool
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Hybridization
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a process whereby matings between individuals from two lineages that are distinguishable on the basis of one or more heritable character
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Endogenous selection
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acts at the level of the genotype regardless of ecological conditions
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Exogenous selection
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acts at the level of the phenotype and varies with ecological conditions
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Hybrid
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offspring from such a cross
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Interspecific
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also between genera or other higher taxonomic rank
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Intraspecific
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between populations or lineages
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Gene Flow
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continuum from F1 to “swarm"
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What Are Some Characteristics of Conservation Biology?
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it is a “Crisis Discipline” , multidisciplinary & Inexact, & "Value Laden”
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What do the Principles of Conservation Biology include?
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“instrumental” or “utilitarian” values & the “intrinsic” or “inherent” values
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What are the 3 principles of conservation biology?
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1. The ecological world is dynamic and non-equilibrial
2. Evolution is the axiom that unites all of biology 3. The human presence must be included in conservation planning |
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How does Conservation Biology Differ from Wildlife & Fisheries Management? (3)
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Manipulation vs. Maintenance of Populations, Vertebrates vs. All Taxa, & Agency vs. “Academic”
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Habitat Fragmentation
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reduction in the total amount of habitat & apportionment of remaining habitat into smaller & more isolated patches
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What are some Adverse Effects of Habitat Fragmentation? (3)
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Fewer species are supported in smaller patches, “Edge effects” & environmental changes in fragments, & Vulnerability of populations within fragments
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What is the fragmentation & species diversity equation?
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S = cA^Z (where S = # of species, c = constant, A = area of patch, z = scaling constant)
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The most fundamental model is one that depicts the...
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number of species as a function of rates of colonization & local extinction
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Both rates of colonization and local extinction are a function of...
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degree of isolation & patch size
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Stochastic
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“of or pertaining to a process involving a randomly determined sequence of observations”
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Demographic stochasticity
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variability in population growth rates arising from random differences among individuals in survival & reproduction within a season
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Environmental stochasticity
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variation in birth & death rates from one season to the next in response to weather, disease, competition, predation, or other factors external to the population
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Metapopulation
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a series of semi-isolated populations with some level of migration and/or gene flow among them
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Population Source
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patch of habitat where reproduction exceeds mortality
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Population Sink
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patch of habitat where reproduction is less than mortality
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Pulliam’s λ = >
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((# of females produced per females)*(Juvenile Survival)) + Adult Survival, where λ < 1 is a sink & λ > 1 is a source
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Recruitment
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reflection of the number of young produced during the breeding season and enter into the breeding population
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What does SLOSS stand for?
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Single Large Or Several Small
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What is the "SLOSS" question?
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To optimize the number of species in a refuge or conservation area, should we retain a relatively few number of large reserves or large number of smaller reserves?
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Why does no one SLOSS solution fit all?
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Fragmentation & area sensitivity are habitat specific & site fidelity is variable
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What tropical species will be most vulnerable from habitat loss?
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rare, long-lived species
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