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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ideational apraxia |
problems with conceptualizing, planning, executing motor actions with objects of everyday life eg: striking a candle against a matchbox |
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ideomotor apraxia |
difficulty with carrying out familiar actions ON COMMAND. can recognize gestures but can't imitate them however, patient can do them automatically. eg: patient walks up stairs to get to the clinic but won't climb them on request at therapy |
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agnosia |
inability to process sensory information, when the sensory organ is undamaged. |
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pelvic floor innervation |
pudendal nerve (S2-S3-S4) |
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pituitary |
growth hormone (GH) ACTH (corticosteroid release) prolactin antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin (uterine contractions) |
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thyroid |
thyroxine and T3: accelerates metabolism calcitonine: lowers blood calcium (stimulates bone calcium resorption) |
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parathyroid |
PTH (calcitonin antagonist) |
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pancreas |
insulin (glycemia high)
glucagon (when glycemia is low) |
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postural drainage
upper lobes |
apical: sitting, 30deg posterior lean, upper shoulder clap
posterior: sitting, 30deg anterior lean, upper back clap anterior: supine, clavicle-nipple clap |
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postural drainage right middle lobe lingular segment |
right mid: elevated 16in, left sidelying, right nipple clap lingular : elevated 16in, right sidelying, left nipple clap |
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postural drainage lower lobes |
lateral basal: 20in elevated, prone, 1/4 turn to affected side, lower rib clap posterior basal: 20in elevated, prone, lower rib clap superior: bed flat, 2 pillows beneath waist, scapular clap |
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wheelchair measurements seat width seat depth leg length seat height armrest back height |
width: widest part of hips + 2in (18in) depth: butt - popliteal fossa - 2in (16in) leg length: bottom of shoe to thigh (20in) seat height: leg length+2in (footplate + floor) armrest: 9in from seat backheight: seat to lower-mid scapula (16in) |
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iontophoresis acetic acid dexamethasone lidocaine zinc oxide |
acetic acid: calcific deposits (-) dexamethasone: inflammation (-) lidocaine: analgesia, inflammation (+) zinc oxide: healing, ulcers, wounds (+) |
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iontophoresis calcium chloride copper sulfate iodine magnesium sulfate salicylates |
calcium chloride: keloids, muscle spasm (-) copper sulfate: fungal infection (+) iodine: scars, adhesive capsulitis (-) magnesium sulfate: spasm, ischemia (+) salicylates: muscle/joint pain, warts (-) |
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ramp grade |
12 in horizontal for every 1in height aka 8.3% grade 36in width |
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accesibility requirements doorway width & depth hallway clearance wheelchair turning |
doorway width: 32in
doorway depth: 24 in hallway width: 36 in wheelchair turning radius: 60in |
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moro reflex |
occurs with neck extension flexion and abduction of shoulders, then shoulder adduction |
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asymmetrical tonic neck refle |
occurs with head rotation to one side arm&leg on face side extend arm&leg on scalp side flex |
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symmetrical tonic neck reflex |
head in flexion = arms flexed, legs extended head in extension = arms extended, legs flexed |
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tonic labyrinthine reflex |
supine= body and limbs in extension prone= body and limbs in flexion |
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1 month newborn |
lifts head briefly in prone (head to side) follows moving object to midline |
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newborn
2-3 months |
head lifts briefly in prone to 90 rolls prone to supine |
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4-5 months newborn |
rolls supine to side sits alone briefly prone with extended arms |
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6-7 months newborn |
rolls supine to prone sits without assistance |
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8-9 months newborn |
hands-knees prone sitting to prone pivots in sitting pulls to stand at furniture cruising (walks along furniture) |
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10-11 months baby |
stands without support briefly picks up object from floor standing bear walk |
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12-15 months child |
walks without support |
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iliopsoas sign |
irritation in abdomen, retroperitoneal psoas test: ptt sidelying, resisted hip flexion pain (+): appendicitis, psoas abcess, hemorrhage |
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lymph node palpation infected malignant |
infected: firm, tender, enlarged, warm malignant: firm, non-tender, matted (stuck to each other), fixed (not mobile) |
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ankle brachial index |
checks for peripheral vascular disease systolic ankle/systolic brachial normal: 1.0-1.4 >1.4: calcification, normal in elderly/diabetic <0.9: pad diagnostic <0.5: severe pad, risk for limb ischemia |
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hypothyroidism |
metabolic processes slowed
weight gain, lethargy, dry skin, low BP exercise intolerance, weakness, apathy, myalgia from exercise, reduced cardiac output |
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hyperthyroidism |
nervousness, hyperreflexia tremor, hunger, weight loss, fatigue, tachycardia exercise intolerance (fatigue) |
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upper motor neuron syndrome |
pyramidal weakness (UL extensors - LL flexors) spasticity babinski sign (dorsiflexion + abd of toes) increased DTR |
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lower motor neuron syndrome |
muscle paralysis, wasting, flaccidity hypotonia decreased DTR absent babinski only in innervated region |
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reflex grading scale |
0= no response 1+=diminished 2+=normal 3+=exaggerated 4+=hyperactive, abnormal |
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
(charcot disease)
has UMN (spasticity, hyperreflexia) and LMN symptoms (muscle weakness progressive; atrophy, cramping) progressive, 2-5y life expectacy loss of anterior horn, motor cranial nerves, death |
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multiple sclerosis |
patches of demyelination in brain/spinal cord lesions scattered in place and time common vestibular involvement diplopia ataxic gait fatigue |
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multiple sclerosis types primary progressive secondary progressive |
primary progressive: continuous worsening without relapses or remissions
secondary progressive: initial relapse-remitting then progression at variable rate |
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multiple sclerosis types relapsing/remitting progressive-relapsing |
relapsing-remitting: most common .acute exacerbation then remission, periods without symptoms progressive-relapsing: progression since onset, with acute relapses, but progression continues between relapses |
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pressure ulcer stages
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I) non-blanchable erythema II) partial thickness skin loss: abrasion, blister III) full thickness: damage subcutaneous, up to fascia IV)full thickness: necrosis to muscle, bone |
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burns grade |
epidermal (1st): pink/red, no blisters, minimal edema, tendernes superficial/partial thickness (2nd): pink/red, blisters, mod edema, painful deep partial thickness: (2nd) red/white, edema, no light touch full thickness (3rd): white (ischemic), up to muscle, no pain subdermal (4th): charred, no vascular |
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brown-sequard |
most frequently mechanical ipsilateral: hemiplegia (corticospinal), vibration/fine touch/conscious propioception loss (dorsal column-lemniscus pathway) contralateral: pain/temperature (spinothalamic tract) |
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anterior cord syndrome |
most frequently aortic insufficiency complete paralysis (corticospinal) loss of pain/temperature (spinothalamic) intact fine touch/vibration/propioception |
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central cord syndrome |
UL>LL (ventral horn loss) loss of pain/T (spinothalamic bilateral) intact dorsal columns |
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posterior cord syndrome |
bilateral propioception, fine touch loss |
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stable angina |
classic during exertional activity passes with rest / nitroglycerin occurs at predictable rate-pressure product |
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unstable angina
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preinfarction (coronary insufficiency) without precipitating factors refractory to treatment |
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prinzmetal's |
variant of angina vasospasm of coonaries in absence of occlusive disease responds well to nitroglycerin / calcium channel blockers |
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rate-pressure product |
HR x BP myocardial O2 consumption |
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cyclosporine prednisone |
cyclosporine - immunosuppresant prednisone - corticosteroid: reduces inflammation, immunosuppresor |
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hypoglicemia signs |
sweating, lightheadedness, weakness difficulty speaking or concentrating too much insulin |
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hyperglycemia |
blurry vision, polyuria, headache glycemia > 180 fruity breath thirst, nausea, vomiting dry, crusty membranes |
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sulfamylon silver nitrate nitrofurazone |
sulfamylon - antibacterial, penetrates eschar silver nitrate/nitrofurazone: superficial antimicrobial agents |
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festinating gait |
short shuffling steps, slowness of movement, akinesia typical in parkinsons |
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bacterial pneumonia |
gradual onset, productive cough high WBC |
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viral pneumonia |
abrupt onset, dry cough normal WBC |
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AIDS neurological symptoms |
wide ranging: 1/3 patients exhibit aids dementia complex: confusion, memory loss, disorientation motor deficits: ataxia, weakness, tremor, fine motor loss peripheral neuropathy: hypersensitivity, pain, sensory loss |
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electrode placement in wounds |
cathode (-) bactericidal effect on wound anode (+) promotes healing in uninfected wounds |
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relative risk odds ratio |
relative risk : risk of event in one group vs another odds ratio> event in one group vs event in another group in retrospective studies >1: increased because of exposure 1: exposure doesnt increase odds <1: exposure decreases odds |
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scales of measurement (nominal, ordinal, ...) |
nominal: qualitative values, can only belong to one category (blood type, arthritis type) ordinal: ranking scale. intervals not known (MMT, levels of assistance, pain grades) interval: intervals are known but no true zero point (temperature) ratio: intervals are known, have true zero point (ROM, distance walked, time to complete) |
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levels of evidence |
systematic review RCT cohort case-control case-series opinion |
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validity intrarater interrater test-retest |
intrarater: same tester gets same results interrater: different testers get same results test-retest: same results when testing over time |
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type I error type II error |
type I: false positive (rejects null hypothesis incorrectly) type II: false negative (wrongly keeps null hypothesis) |
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ANOVA |
parametric for 2-3 groups tests equality between treatment groups eg: walking time in test for a) elderly b) adult c) teens |
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t-test |
parametric compares 2 groups (randomized) for effect of treatment |
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chi-square test |
non-parametric compares nominal data by frequency counts eg: subjects rate treatment preferences |
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kruskal wallis |
non-parametric ANOVA compares 3 samples from same population |
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mann-whitney |
non parametric ttest compares 2 independent samples with ordinal data |
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pearson product moment (r) spearman's rank correlation (rss) |
r: measures magnitude and direction of correlation (parametric)
rss: for ordinal yield -1 (negative correlation) -> 0 (no correlation) -> 1 (positive correlation( |
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chorea hemiballismus |
chorea: non-rhythmic, rapid, jerking, affects different parts of body (huntingtons, wilsons) hemiballismus:nonrhythmic , rapid, violent, unilateral |
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athetosis myoclonus |
athetosis: non-rhythmic, slow, writhing movements (cerebral palsy, huntingtons) myoclonus: involuntary twtiching of specific muscles (UMN disorders) |
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wound dressings silver charcoal alginate |
silver: antimicrobial agent charcoal: managing fetid odor in infection alginate: highly absorbent |
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blood tests normal values ph bicarbonate glucose hematocrit triglycerides |
ph: 7.35-7.45 bicarbonate: 18-23 glucose: 70-110 hematocrit: 45-52(m) 37-48(f) triglycerides: 40-200 |
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blood tests normal values platelet white blood count hemoglobin |
platelet: 150000-300000 WBC: 4k-10k hemoglobin: 13-17(m) 12-15(f) |
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graves disease |
hyperthyroidism (most common) irritability, weakness, tachycardia, weight loss |
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addison's disease |
chronic adrenal insufficiency adrenal gland dysfunction -> less steroid hormones abdominal pain, weakness, weight loss, low BP, coma |
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cushing's disease |
hyperactive adrenal gland, more ACTH and cortisol cushing's syndrome: high BP, weak muscles and bones, irritability, poor short term memory, weight gain |
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pagets disease |
osteitis deformans enlarged, misshappen bones excessive breakdown/formation + disorganized remodeling |
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myasthenia gravis |
autoimmune, affects neuromuscular junction progressive muscular weakness, increased fatigability on exertion |
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braden scale |
for risk of developing pressure ulcer 15-18: at risk 13-14: moderate 10-12: high risk <9: very high |
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ortolani and barlow tests |
for hip dislocation barlow: ptt supine, hips 90 flx, knees flx. test leg into add, apply pressure at greater trochanter. (+): clunk ortolani: ptt supine, hips 90flx, knees flx. abduct hips, pressure at greater trochanter. (+): clunk |
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turner syndrome klinefelter syndrome |
turner: X female. webbed neck, short stature, underdeveloped breasts, infertility klinefelter: XXY in males. infertility, tall, incoordination, sparse body hair |
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legg-calve-perthes |
childhoos hip avascular necrosis flattened femoral head in rx |
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arnorld chiari malformation |
obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid: hydrocephalus central symptoms: headaches, fatigue, weakness, dizziness pushes down cerebellar tonsils |
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shunt malfunction |
partial or complete blockage of shunt -> CSF accumulates irritability, vomiting, lethargy |
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charcot-marie-tooth |
peroneal muscular atrophy (inherited neuropathy), lower leg. eventually hands, forearm |
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arrythmias bigeminy couplet ventricular tachycardia |
bigeminy: PVC every other beat couplet: 2 PVC in a row ventricular tachycardia: 3 PVC in a row. extended in time can be life threatening |
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hallpike dix maneuver |
diagnostic for benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo ptt sitting, rotate head to side. move ptt to spine and head to extension. (+) if vertigo, nystagmus for side head is rotated to |
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postpolio syndrome |
15-30y post recovery acute muscle weaknes, myalgia, fatigue |
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lyme's disease |
from deer tick erythema migrans (bull's eye pattern) headaches, facial palsy (meningitis like symptoms) |
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rancho los amigos scale 1-3 |
1) no response: no response to stimuli, asleep
2) generalized: response nonspecific, inconsistent, stereotypical 3) localized: simple commands for motor actn |
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rancho los amigos 4-6 |
4) confused agitated: incoherent, no short-term memory, short attention span 5) confused nonagitated: follows simple commands, memory/attention impaired 6) confused appropriate: context appropriate, dependant on external input |
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rancho los amigos 7-8 |
automatic appropriate: automatic daily routine, impaired judgment purposeful appropriate: normal, but abstract reasoning below normal |
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heterotopic ossification |
maintain rom (gentle stretching), maintain optimal wheelchair positioning |
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APGAR |
0-10: normal 7+ Appearance (skin) Pulse (HR) Grimace (reflex irritability) Activity (muscle tone) Respiration (respiratory effort) |
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crohn's disease |
chronic inflammatory disorder inflammatory bowel disease |
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scleroderma |
systemic sclerosis hardening of skin limited (cutaneous) or diffuse (skin, internal organs) |
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duchenne muscular dystrophy |
proximal muscle weakness (legs, pelvis), atrophy hypertrophy of calves (characteristic) |
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rule of nines |
legs: 18% each arms: 9% each trunk: 18% anterior and posterior each head: 9% |
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PNF - UL |
D1F: FADDUL
D2F: FABDUL D1E: EABDUM D2E: EADDUM |
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PNF - LL |
D1F: FADDUL D2F: FABDUM D1E: EABDUM D2E: EADDUL |
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gillet's test gaenslen test longsitting (supine to sit) goldthwait test |
gillets: posterior movement of ilium vs sacrum. ptt standing, thumb in PSIS, ptt bring knee to chest. gaenslen: SIJ dysfunction. ptt sidelying, holding bottom leg in flx. passively extend hip of upper leg. s-to-s: leg length discrepancy SIJ dysfunction. ptt supine, palpate medial malleoli. ptt into long sitting, compare malleoli. goldthwait: lumbar spine vs SIJ dysfunction. ptt supine, palpate spinous lumbar processes. passively perform straight leg raise. |
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patrick test scouring test trendelemburg sign |
patrick (FABER): hip disfunction. ptt supine. passive flx, abd, ext rotate (foot on opposite leg). lower leg down. scouring: DJD of hip. ptt hip flx 90. compressive load on knee towards hip. trendelemburg: ptt stand on one leg. observe pelvis of stance leg. |
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thomas test ober test ely test |
thomas: hip flx tightness. ptt supine, hip/knee flx. observe straight leg while other hip flexes.
ober: TFL/iliotibial band tightness. ptt sidelying, lower limb flx. passive ext/abd other hip, knee flx 90. lower the uppermost limb, should reach table. ely: tightness of rectus femoris. ptt prone, knee flx, observe for hip flx. |
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90-90 test piriformis test leg length test |
90-90 hamstring test: for hamstring tightness. ptt supine, hip and knee in 90 flx. passive ext knee (should reach 10deg from extension) piriformis: piriformis syndrome. ptt supine, foot of test leg placed lateral to opposite knee. testing hip adducted. testing knee should be able to pass over resting knee. leg length: identifies true leg length discrepancy. ptt supine, measure ASIS to malleolus |
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craig test |
abnormal femoral antetorsion angle ptt prone, knee flx 90. palpate great trochanter, rotate hip. normal 8-15 deg antetorsion (medial rotation) |
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lachman stress test pivot shift posterior sag |
lachman: for ACL. ptt supine, knee flx 20-30. try to glide tibia anterior. pivot shift: anterolateral rotary instability. ptt supine, knee ext, hip flx and abd. valgus force on knee + flex knee (positive if tibia clunk) posterior sag: for PCL. ptt supine, hip flx 45, knee flx 90. observe for tibia sag posterior. |
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posterior drawer test reverse lachman mcmurray test |
posterior drawer: PCL integrity. ptt supine, hip flx 45, knee flx 90. glide tibia posterior reverse lachman: PCL integrity. ptt prone,knee flx 30. glide tibia posterior. mcmurray: meniscal tear. ptt supine, maximal flexion. internally rotate + extend knee (lateral meniscus). ext rotate (medial meniscus) |
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apley test
hughston's test patellar aprehension |
apley: differentiate meniscal from ligamentous lesions. ptt prone, knee flx 90. distract knee, rotate tibia ext/int, compress and again rotate. hughstons plica test: dysfunction of plica. ptt supine, tet knee flx and tibia int rotate. gilde patella medially, feel for popping as flx/ext knee. patellar apprehension: ptt supine, patella glided laterally. |
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clarke's sign ballotable patella fluctuation test |
clarkes sign: patellofemoral dysfunction. ptt supine, knee ext. push down on superior patella pole, ptt contracts quadriceps. ballotable (patellar tap test): infrapatellar effusion. ptt supine, knee ext, tap over central patella, look for floating patella. fluctuation: knee joint effusion. ptt supine, knee ext, hand on suprapatellar pouch, other on anterior aspect of knee joint, alternate pushing down. look for movement of fluid. |
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Q-angle measurement noble compression test tinel's sign |
qangle: angle between quadriceps muscle and tendon. 13 for men, 18 for women. noble: distal ITB friction syndrome. ptt supine, hip flx 45 knee flex 90. pressure on lateral femoral epicondyle, ext knee. tinels: dysfunction of common fibular nerve. tap region posterior to fibular head, look for tingling or paresthesia. |
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anterior drawer test (ankle) talar tilt thompson's |
anterior drawer: anterior talofibular ligament. ptt supine, plantar flx 20. pull talus anterior. talar tilt: calcaneofibular ligament. ptt sidelying, move ffot into adduction for calcaneofibular, abduction for deltoid ligament. thompson: achilles' tendon. ptt prone, squeeze calf. |
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tinel's ankle sign morton's test |
tinel's: dysfunction of posterior tibial nerve. ptt supine, tap over posterior tibial, posterior to medial malleolus. test deep fibular under dorsal retinaculum. morton: stress fracture or neuroma in forefoot. ptt supine, grasp metatarsal heads and squeeze. |
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yergason's test speed's test neer's impingement |
yergason: transverse ligament integrity. ptt sitting, shoulder neutral, elbow 90 flx, forearm prone. resist supination of forearm, ext rotation of shoulder. watch for biceps tendon pop. speed's: bicipital tendinosis. ptt sitting, UL in full extension and forearm prone. resist flexion. neer's: impingement of biceps or supraspinatus. ptt sitting, shoulder internally rotated, then full abd. |
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empty can test drop arm test posterior internal impingement test |
empty can: supraspinatus tear. ptt sitting, shoulder 90 flx, resist abd. then shoulder int rotate and horizontal add, resist abd. differentiate pain between positions.
drop arm: tear or rupture of rotator cuff. ptt sitting, shoulder passive abd to 120. ptt brings down arm to side slowly, check for inability to do so. posterior internal blah: impingement between rotator cuff and greater tuberosity. ptt supine, shoulder into 90 abd, maximum ext rotate, 20 horizontal add, check for pain in posterior shoulder. |
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clunk test anterior apprehension posterior apprehension |
clunk: glenoid labrum tear. ptt supine, shoulder full abd, push humeral head ant and ext rotate arm. check for clunk. anterior apprehension: past history of dislocation. ptt supine, shoulder 90 abd, ext rotate shoulder posterior app: history of dislocation. ptt supine, shoulder abd 90, place posterior force. |
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shear test adson test |
acromioclavicular shear test: dysfunction of AC. ptt sitting, arm resting at side. examiner clasps hands, heels on spine of scapula and clavicle, squeeze hands together. adson's: pathology in thoracic inlet. ptt sitting, find radial pulse. rotate head to extremity, arm into ext and ext rotate. |
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costoclavicular (military brace)test wright test roos elevated arm test |
THORACIC INLET SYNDROME ASJKDSAALSKD |
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tinel's sign (ulnar) bunnel-littler tight retinacular test |
tinel: dysfunction of ulnar n. at olecranon. tap ulnar n at cubital tunnel. bunnel-littler: tightness around MCP. MCP in slight ext, PIP flx. then MCP flx and PIP flx. retinacular: tightness around PIP. PIP stabilized while DIP is flexed. thne PIP flexed and DIP flexed. |
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froment's sign allen's test |
froment: ulnar nerve dysfunction. ptt grasps paper between 1-2 digits. pull paper, look for IP flx of thumb (compensation for adductor pollicis) allen: vascular compromise. occlude ulnar artery, observe palm, release compression. repeat for radial. look for abnormal filling (should white -> normal) |
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lasegue test quadrant test |
lasegue (straight leg): dysfunction of neuro structures in LL. ptt supine, flx hip with knee ext until pain. then try again with dorsiflx foot. quadrant: compression of neural structures by foramen or facet dysfunction. foramen: ptt bends/rotates left, extends. facet: bend left, rotate right, extends. |
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stork test bicycle (van gelderen's) test |
stork: spondylolisthesis. ptt stand on one leg, trunk extension. positive with low back pain with that leg on ground. bicycle: differentiate between intermittent claudication and spinal stenosis. ptt rides bike sitting erect vs ride slumped. |
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after anterior dislocation of shoulder |
avoid anterior glide (hyperextension / external rotation) positive apprehension sign (shoulder abduction + lateral rotation) |
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erb palsy |
c5-c6 upper arm paralysis unilateral limb in pronation, medial rotation |
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klumpke's paralysis |
c8-t1 lower arm paralysis muscles of hand, flexors / extensors of wrist / fingers |
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down syndrome neuro symptoms |
hypotonia decreased force generation for muscles visual / hearing loss possible atlantoaxial dislocation due to laxity of transverse ligament -> LMN signs cognitive deficit |
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COPD |
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease FEV1 drops as severity increases increased FRC, RV (obstructive) increased respiratory rate increased diameter of chest wall cyanosis clubbing hyperinflation, flattened diaphragm |
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bronchiectasis |
abnormal dilation of bronchi, excessive sputum hyperproductive cough hemoptysis cyanosis, clubbing rx= bronchial markings, interstitial changes |
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restrictive diseases spirometric findings |
reduced vital capacity, functional residual capacity, total lung capacity |
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sarcoidosis |
abnormal nodules develop in lungs
restrictive disease |
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emphysema |
obstructive damage to the bronchial walls part of COPD |
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tunneling undermining |
tunneling: wound that extends in one direction undermining: damaged area is greater than the superficial wound area, all directions |
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clubfoot |
plantar flexion + forefoot adduction
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charot foot disease |
result of neuropathy, often in diabetes weakening of the bones in the foot can result in rocker-bottom appearance warmth to the touch, redness, swelling |
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epibole |
wound edges rolled in, wound bed open |
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keloid scarring |
scar tissue grows outside original margins of wound |
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lichenification |
hard and leathery skin |
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hypertrophic scarring |
thick fibrous tissue, remains in wound border |
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dermatomes l2 L3 L4 L5 S1 |
L2: anterior upper thigh, medial thigh L3: medial knee L4: lateral thigh, medial malleolus L5: posterior/lateral thigh, dorsum of first toes S1: plantar heel, foot |
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CN II, III, IV |
II Optic: test visual fields (confrontation test), homonymous hemianopsia III Oculomotor: pupillary reflex and levator of eyelid (motor), upward/downward/medial gaze. IV Trochlear: downward / inward gaze. |
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CN V, VI, VII |
V Trigeminal: skin of lower face, motor mastication. VI: Abducens: lateral gaze VII: Facial: anterior taste, facial motor |
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CN VIII, IX, X |
VIII Vestibulococlear: hearing, balance. IX: Glossopharyngeal: posterior tongue taste, gag/swallow, X Vagus: gag/swallow, uvula deviation to opposite side if paralysis |
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CN XI, XII |
XI Accesory: sternocleidomastoid, trapezius XII: Hypoglossal: tongue deviation to ipsilateral side if paralysis, |
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homonymous hemianopsia |
visual field loss of contralateral nerve damage (right damage = loss of left hemifield on one or both eyes) |
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metabolic acidosis |
ph below 7.35 bicarbonate <24 diabetes, renal insufficiency, diarrhea hyperventilation (compensatory), malaise, vomiting, |
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metabolic alkalosis |
ph over 7.45 bicarbonate >24 excess vomiting, hypokalemia hypoventilation (compensatory), |
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respiratory acidosis |
PCO2 >40mmHg caused by hypoventilation lethargy, confusion, cyanosis look for dyspnea, hyperventilation cyanosis |
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respiratory alkalosis |
PCO2<40mmHg caused by hyperventilation, tachypnea, blurred vision |
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UL flexor / extensor synergy |
flexor: shoulder abd/ext rot, elbow flx, forearm sup, wrist flx, extensor: shoulder add/med rot, elbow ext, forearm pro, wrist ext |
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LL flexor / extensory synergy |
flexor: hip abd/ext rot, knee flx, ankle dorsi extensor: hip ext/med rot/ext, knee ext, ankle plantar/inversion |
