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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Define a drug and pharmacology
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Drugs are chemical substances that are used for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease, and prevention of pregnancy.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs. |
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2. Describe three specialties of pharmacology:
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• Pharmacodynamics: the study of the biochemical and physiologic actions of drugs, and their mechanisms of drug action at the cell level and sub-cell level. What they do? E.g. some open or close channels
• pharmacokinetics:the study of how the body handles drugs. Information on absorption into blood stream, distribution throughout the body, metabolism to inactive compounds and excretion of those compounds out of the body • pharmacotherapeutics: the study of the use of drugs in the treatment and prevention of disease. |
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3. Describe the discovery of organic chemistry
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Wohler made urea from ammonium cyanate, wich led the way to organic synthesis of carbon containing compounds.
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4. Name the discoverer of aspirin
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Herman Bayer, 1890s, converted salicylic acid to the acetyl derivative- acetylsalicylic acid- aka aspirin.
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5. Describe the discovery of epinephrine and acetylcholine:
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Isolation of epinephrine (1901) first reported by Jokichi Takamine, a Japanese chemist who ran a small independent lab and isolated the first hormone- epi- from the AM. In the same year, 1901, John Jacob Abel, “father of pharmacology”, researcher at JH, first isolated the benzoyl derivative of epinephrine, not the pure hormone from the AM as Takamine did. Abel is often given credit for the first pure isolate of epi.
In 1905, Abel’s graduate student, Reid Hunt at JHU, discovered ach- thought to be some kind of hormone that lowers heart rate and secreted by vagus. |
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6. Name the discoverer of penicillin
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Alexander Fleming
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7. Describe the first clinical use of penicillin
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1941- Chain and Florey of Oxford, Great Britain- achieved favorable results in the use of penicillin in humans to treat “fulminating pyogenic infections.” Arranged for penicillin production in the US.
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8. Describe the philosophy of drug discovery in the 1961-1980 era
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Search for mechanisms of illness; then make the chemicals to over-ride the mechanism of illness.
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9. Describe the 2 major trends in the drug industry today
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1 Drug costs up significantly
2 Drug companies remain profitable |
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10. Describe the not-for-profit drug invention concept
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Drugs to combat HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, and other neglected diseases of 3rd world countries are being produced by foundations. New initiatives on drugs for HIV, tb, malaria, and other neglected diseases. Foundations: Bill and Melinda Gates, Doctors without borders/ Drugs for neglected disease initiative, other private individuals, government
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11. What is the local anesthetic developed in the 1940’s?
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Lidocaine
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12. What is Foxglove? Its importance in history? What is origin of aspirin? What is origin of sulfa drugs?
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1783 Wm. Withering use of purple foxglove led to extraction from plant of digitalis. Drug of choice even today for treatment of congestive heart failure.
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13. List the three antibiotics discovered in 1940, 1948 and 1952.
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1940: Streptomycin
1948: Tetracycline 1952: Erythromycin |
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14. What do the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors do? .
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Lower cholesterol production
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15. What are Arixtra, Gleevec, Xigris, Pegfilgrastrin and Ibritumomab used for?
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Arixtra: Factor Xa inhibitor for deep vein thrombosis
Gleevec: cancer drug Xigris: for treatment of sepsis Pegfilgrastrin: CSF for decreasing infections in malignancies Ibritumomab: monoclonal antibody for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma |
