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349 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
for mania
|
lithium, valproate
|
|
|
need to monitor if long term lithium use
|
thyroid (TSH), renal (BUN, creat)
|
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PPV and NPV
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vary with disease prevalence (sensitivity and spec do not)
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femoral neck fractures in elderly
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damage medial femoral circumflex artery, leads to avascular necrosis of femoral head
|
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aqueous humor made by
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epi cells of ciliary body
|
|
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decrease aqueous humor production
|
timolo, b-blockers, acetazolamide
|
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lac operon
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inducer that blocks repressor
|
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operon
|
DNA with at least 2 regulatory sites (promoter, regulator)
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|
|
i
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lac operon regulator
|
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p
|
initial binding site for RNA polymerase on lac operon
|
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o
|
lac operon operator
|
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z
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b-galactosidase (lactose to glucose) on lac operon
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y
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permease (permeability to lactose) on lac operon
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midsysloic click
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mitral prolapse
|
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axillary n damage
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anterior shoulder dislocation, fractured neck of humerus
|
|
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exposure to H. flu or Nesisseria menin.
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rifampin (P450 inducer)
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|
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GP 11b/IIIa deficiency
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Glanzmann thrombasthenia (kids with mucocutaneous bleeds, no platelet clumping)
|
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pentamidine
|
tx Pneumocystis pneumonia
|
|
|
slipe site mutations
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altered function, but same immune reactivity
|
|
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thyroid gland takes up iodine
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against gradient, via sodium iodine symporter
|
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perchorate and thiocynate
|
compete with iodine for entry into thyroid gland
|
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M cells on Peyer's patches
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phagocytose Salmonella, then survives inside macrophages, also colonize gallbladder
|
|
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PKU
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phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency
|
|
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positive selection
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happens 1st at cortex, can you bind MHC?
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negative selection
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happens 2nd at medulla, too much self love
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thymus events
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1. double negative pro-T cells arrive, 2. TCR rearrangement, 3. positive selection at cortex, 4. negative selection at medulla
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nitrogen in urea
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comes from NH3 and aspartate
|
|
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most abundant AA in blood
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glutamine
|
|
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cholecystokinin (CCK)
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gallbladder contraction, made in duodenum and jejunum
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secretin
|
increases bicarb secretion from pancreas
|
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VIP
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made in pancreas, increases GI water secretion, counteracts gastin
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|
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motilin
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made in small intestine
|
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somatostatin
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made in hypothalamus, stomach, GI, pancreas, blocked by vagus stimulation
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|
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norwalk gastroenteritis
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calcivirus
|
|
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paramyxoviruses
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parainfluenza/croup, RSV, measles, mumps
|
|
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molluscum contagiosum
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pox virus, flesh colored genital papules
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|
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high AFP and acetylcholinesterase
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neural tube defects
|
|
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duidenal atresia
|
abnormal apoptosis, lumen doesn't recanalize
|
|
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what stabilizes 2ndary structure of proteins
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H bonds
|
|
|
how are AA's linked together
|
covalent peptide bons
|
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a helix to b sheet
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H-bond breaking
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bonds between cysteine in same polypeptide
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disultide bonds, withstands denaturation
|
|
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B1 and B2, M2
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cAMP increases, protein kinase A
|
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M1 and M3
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IP3, protein kinase C, increase in Ca++
|
|
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N-receptors
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ligand gated ion channels, salt and calcium in, potassium out
|
|
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APCs have
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MHCII
|
|
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acidification of lysosomes required for
|
MHCII expression
|
|
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all nucleated cells have
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MHCI
|
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pulsus paradoxus
|
cardiac tamponade
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pulsus alternans
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LV dysfunction
|
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metoprolol
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B1 blocker
|
|
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B1 found
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on heart and kidney JG cells
|
|
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blocks catecholamine induced renin release at kidney
|
metoprolol
|
|
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burr cells, helmet cells
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traumatic hemolysis
|
|
|
target cells
|
b-thalassemia
|
|
|
episodic complement mediated hemolysis + pancytopenia
|
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
|
|
|
R sided murmurs increase with
|
inspiration
|
|
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L sided murmus increase with
|
expiration
|
|
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all murmurs except for HOCM and mitral prolapse
|
increase with squat, decrease with standing/Valsalva
|
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handgrip
|
increases murmurs, not HOCM
|
|
|
Pseudomonas causes
|
cutaneous necrosis (ecthyma gangrenosum)
|
|
|
neutropenic patients
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
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burn patients
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
|
indwelling catheters
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
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necrotizing pneumonia in elderly
|
Klebsiella
|
|
|
MC gram negative sepsis
|
E. coli
|
|
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exotoxin A
|
blocks protein synthesis, Pseudomonas
|
|
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exotoxin B
|
degrades elastin in vessels, Pseudomonas
|
|
|
neuro changes seens only in B12 def
|
not in folate def
|
|
|
MCV over 100
|
megaloblastic anemia
|
|
|
chronic indwelling catheter
|
subclavian or axillary vein thrombosis
|
|
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sodium metabisulfite
|
sickling test
|
|
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asymmetric septal hypertrophy
|
HOCM
|
|
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ventricular outflow obstruction
|
HOCM
|
|
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binds tubulin, blocks microtubule polymerization
|
cochicine
|
|
|
primary TB
|
lower lobes, Ghon focus with hilar lymphadenopathy
|
|
|
reactivation TB
|
upper lobes
|
|
|
damage to anterior horns + corticospinal tract
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ALS
|
|
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death in AML
|
aspiration pneumonia
|
|
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precentral gyrus atrophy
|
AML
|
|
|
mutation for copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1)
|
AML
|
|
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Friedereich ataxia assoc with
|
HOCM, DM, scoliosis, foot malformation
|
|
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dorsal and lateral column denederation
|
B12 def
|
|
|
chief cells
|
secrete pepsinogen
|
|
|
gastric pits, glands, parietal cells, chief cells @?
|
lamina propria
|
|
|
vessels @
|
submucosa
|
|
|
cause of aortic dissection
|
HTN
|
|
|
tx AML
|
riluzole
|
|
|
1st lesion of atherosclerosis
|
intimal fatty streak
|
|
|
medical calcification
|
Monckenberg, calcium in muscular arteries, not symptomatic
|
|
|
medical inflammation
|
arteritis
|
|
|
obliteration of vasa vasorum
|
thoracic aortic aneurysm in 3 syphilis
|
|
|
stones that are radiolucent (not seen on xay)
|
uric acid (gout, Lesch Nyhan)
|
|
|
sulfur containing crystals
|
uric acid
|
|
|
struvite Mg stones
|
form in alkaline urine, assoc UTI with urease + bugs (Proteus)
|
|
|
fenfluramine
|
appetite supressant, leads to pulmonary HTN and RV hypertrophy
|
|
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pentermine
|
appetite supressant, leads to pulmonary HTN and RV hypertrophy
|
|
|
berry aneurysm
|
PKD and Ehlers Danlos
|
|
|
cause of aortic aneursym
|
atherosclerosis
|
|
|
medial calcinosis
|
does not narrow lumen!
|
|
|
clasp knife spasticity (initial resistance, then release)
|
UMN
|
|
|
neurofilaments
|
small cell ca. marker (neuroendocrine)
|
|
|
neuron specific enolase
|
neuroendocrine
|
|
|
chromogranin
|
neuroendocrine
|
|
|
synaptophysin
|
neuroendocrine
|
|
|
vimentin
|
intermediate filament, sarcoma marker
|
|
|
MAP-kinase pathway
|
tyrosine kinase, autophosphorylation, SOS, GTP activation of Ras, Ras protein kinase, MAP kinase, enters cell
|
|
|
IP3
|
causes Ca++ release from endoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
monitors muscle length
|
muscle spindles
|
|
|
monotors muscle force
|
golgi tendon system
|
|
|
tension, but insensitive to stretch
|
golgi tendon organs
|
|
|
blocks contraction when too much force to prevent muscle damage
|
golgi tendon organs
|
|
|
A-delta fibers
|
temperature and acute sharp pain, retracts hand from hot stove
|
|
|
golgi tendon organs
|
extrafusal skeletal muscle, in series, senses tension changes
|
|
|
muscle spindles
|
intrafusal muscle, in parallel, sense length changes
|
|
|
mediate stretch and deep tendon reflexes
|
muscle spindle fibers
|
|
|
Pacinian corpuscles
|
rapid acting mechanoreceptors in skin
|
|
|
Ruffini's end organs
|
slow acting mechanoreceptors
|
|
|
blood between dura and arachnoid
|
subdural
|
|
|
crescent hematoma
|
subdural
|
|
|
ruptured MMA
|
epidural
|
|
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biconvex hematoma
|
epidural
|
|
|
lucid interval
|
epidural
|
|
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rupture of bridging veins
|
subdural
|
|
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accerlation/deceleration
|
subdural
|
|
|
lateral striate arteries
|
branches of MCA
|
|
|
supply to internal capsule and basal ganglia
|
lateral striate arteries of MCA
|
|
|
rupture site in HTNsive stroke
|
lateral striate arteries of MCA
|
|
|
Enchinococcus (tapeworm)
|
sheep, dogs, affect liver, larva in capillaries
|
|
|
hydatid liver cysts with eggshell calcification
|
Enchinococcus (tapeworm), do not aspirate cysts! risk of rupture and shock
|
|
|
nodular glomerulosclerosis, PAS +, compression of glomerular tufts
|
DM nephropathy
|
|
|
MC cause end stage renal disease
|
DM nephropathy
|
|
|
hyperglycemia in DM leads to
|
ANP release, increased hydrostatic pressure, glomerular hypertrophy
|
|
|
procainamide causes
|
drug induced lupus
|
|
|
drug induced lupus doesn't affect
|
kidneys
|
|
|
prevents progression of DM nephropathy
|
ACE-Is and ARBs
|
|
|
holosystolic murmur
|
VSD
|
|
|
tx pulmonary HTN
|
bosentan (endothelian receptor blocker)
|
|
|
medial hypertrophy + intima fibrosis
|
pulmonary HTN
|
|
|
endothelin
|
contricts! stimulates endothelial proliferation, target of bosentan
|
|
|
block ADP platelet aggregation in ischemia and post-stent
|
ticlopidine and clopidogrel
|
|
|
indomethacin
|
non-selective COX blocker
|
|
|
binds TNF
|
etanercept (for RA, etc)
|
|
|
compares odds ratio
|
case control studies
|
|
|
jugular foramen
|
CN 9, 10, 11
|
|
|
selective COX2 blocker (inflammation only, no GI ulcers or bleeding)
|
celecoxib
|
|
|
platelets express
|
COX1
|
|
|
all COX blockers
|
cause fluid retention, lead to HTN
|
|
|
COX1 and 2 expressed at
|
kidneys
|
|
|
acetylates serine residues on platelet COX enzyme
|
aspirin
|
|
|
acts at proximal convoluted tubule
|
acetazolamide
|
|
|
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
|
acetazolamide
|
|
|
reclaims water at expense of K
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
5' to 3' exonuclease activity
|
only DNA polymerase I
|
|
|
removes RNA primer
|
DNA polymerase I
|
|
|
DNA synthesis of both leading and lagging strands
|
DNA polymerase III
|
|
|
restrict phenylalanine
|
PKU
|
|
|
forms 3' OH primer needed to start replication
|
primase
|
|
|
UV damage
|
dimerization of adjacent pyrimidine bases, making thymidine dimers
|
|
|
branched AAs
|
leucine, isoleucine, valine (restrict in maple syrup urine)
|
|
|
restrict tyrosine and phenylalanine
|
alkaptonuria
|
|
|
restrict methionine, supplement cysteine
|
homocysteinuria
|
|
|
oval yeast inside macrophages
|
histoplasmosis
|
|
|
endospores and spherules
|
cocciodiodespositive germ tube test, yeast and pseudohyphae=candida
|
|
|
antidepressant with no sexual side effects
|
bupropion
|
|
|
good for depression with insomnia
|
bupropion
|
|
|
phenelzine
|
MAO-I
|
|
|
tranylcypromine
|
MAO-I
|
|
|
normal mucosa to small polyp
|
APC
|
|
|
mediates polyp size
|
k-ras
|
|
|
polyp to adenoacarcinoma
|
p53 and DCC (both required)
|
|
|
p53
|
usually triggers apoptosis
|
|
|
N-myc
|
neuroblastoma
|
|
|
highest resistance to air flow
|
medium/small bronchi
|
|
|
essential tremor
|
auto. dominant, better with alcohol
|
|
|
tx essential tremor
|
B-blocker, like propanolol
|
|
|
tx resting tremor of Parkinson's
|
benztropine
|
|
|
tx EPS of haloperidol
|
benztropine
|
|
|
positive symptoms of psychosis
|
haloperdol
|
|
|
tx status epilepticus
|
diazepam
|
|
|
blocks thyroid peroxidase
|
PTU
|
|
|
increases antithrombin III
|
heparin
|
|
|
acetylates platelet COX1, therefore less TBX
|
aspirin
|
|
|
measure of anesthesia solubility in tissue / induction rate
|
AV concentration gradient
|
|
|
if high AV concentration gradient
|
highly soluable, slow onset
|
|
|
measure of potency of anesthetic
|
MAC (minimal alveolar concentration)
|
|
|
low MAC
|
high potency
|
|
|
AUG
|
methionine
|
|
|
to distinguish indirect vs direct hernia
|
use inferior epigastics; indirect (lateral), direct (medial)
|
|
|
failure of processus vaginalis to obliterate
|
indirect hernia
|
|
|
passes through inguinal canal, can be compressed by indirect hernia
|
spermatic cord
|
|
|
site of isotype switching
|
lymph node germinal centers
|
|
|
isotype switching requires
|
B-cell CD40 and T cell CD40 ligand CD54
|
|
|
tolerance
|
unresponsive to self
|
|
|
central tolerance
|
acquired in fetal thymus during negative selection (too much self love)
|
|
|
peripheral tolerance
|
clonal anergy, inactivation of self reactive T cells
|
|
|
V,D,J regions
|
heavy chains
|
|
|
only V and J regions
|
light chains
|
|
|
recombination of V, D, J regions happens
|
during B cell maturation in BM
|
|
|
PMNs in synvovial fluid
|
gout
|
|
|
hyperuricemia alone
|
does not cause gout
|
|
|
calcium pyrophosphate
|
pseudogout
|
|
|
calcific tendonitis at rotator cuff tendons
|
calcium hydroxyapatite crystals
|
|
|
HbA2 elevted
|
b-thalassemia minor and intermedia
|
|
|
HbA1 reduced
|
sickle cell
|
|
|
tobacco hypersensitivity
|
thromboangitis obliterans, tibial and radial artery fibrosis, direct endothelial toxicity
|
|
|
malignant HTN
|
diastolic BP over 120
|
|
|
granulomatous medial inflammation
|
temporal arteritis
|
|
|
transmural inflammation with fibrinoid necrosis
|
PAN
|
|
|
omalizumab
|
binds IgE receptor on mast cells
|
|
|
bortezomib
|
blocks proteasomes, tx MM and Waldenstrom macroglobinemia
|
|
|
TNFa blockers
|
infliximab, etanercept, golimumab
|
|
|
protein A of staph aureus
|
binds Fc part of IgG, shields bug from phagocytosis
|
|
|
PSGN
|
type III
|
|
|
superantigens
|
staph and strep; exotoxin activation of T-cell receptors
|
|
|
feared complication of Kawasaki
|
coronary artery aneurysms
|
|
|
palm and sole rash in kids with periungal desquamation
|
kawasaki
|
|
|
tics
|
Tourette's
|
|
|
S3
|
high LVEDP in L sided heart failure, normal in young and atheletes
|
|
|
S3 heard best
|
at apex, L lateral decubitus position
|
|
|
murmus of HOCM
|
mitral regurg (systolic)
|
|
|
lymph from prostate
|
internal iliac nodes
|
|
|
lymph from testes
|
abdominal aortic nodes
|
|
|
skin from umbilicus down, including anus
|
superficial inguinal nodes
|
|
|
superior bladder
|
external iliac nodes
|
|
|
inferior bladder
|
internal iliac nodes
|
|
|
sigmoid colon
|
inferior mesenteric nodes
|
|
|
hyperplasia of periuretheral and transition zones
|
BPH
|
|
|
rubbery prostate
|
BPH
|
|
|
calcitonin
|
secreted by parafollicular C cells in thyroid, blocks osetoclasts
|
|
|
IFN gamma
|
granuloma formation + macrophage mediator
|
|
|
stimulates macrophages to release TNF
|
IFN gamma
|
|
|
leukotriene C4, D4, E4
|
vasoconstricts, bronchospasm
|
|
|
isotype switching
|
IL-4
|
|
|
mast cell histamine release, vasodilates
|
C3a
|
|
|
increases IgE
|
IL-4
|
|
|
increases IgA
|
IL-5
|
|
|
activates eosinophils
|
IL-5
|
|
|
mast cell stabilizers, block degranulation
|
cromolyn and nedocromil
|
|
|
1st step bronchial constriction
|
IgE attaches to mast cell
|
|
|
anti-IgE
|
omalizumab
|
|
|
zileutron
|
blocks lipoxygenase, decreases leukotriene production
|
|
|
block leukotriene D4 receptors
|
the -lukast drugs (montelukast, zafirlukast), chronic asthma only
|
|
|
splenic artery originates from
|
celiac artery, travel above pancreas
|
|
|
vulnerable to ischemia after splenic artery blockage
|
short gastric arteries that supply gastric tissue, no anastomoses
|
|
|
blood supply to pylorus and prxomal duodenum
|
gastroduodenal artery
|
|
|
R gastric artery arises from
|
proper hepatic artery
|
|
|
supply to greater curvature of stomach
|
R gastroepiploic
|
|
|
MC non-nuclear DNA in eukaryotic cells
|
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), codes proteins for oxidative phosphorylation
|
|
|
UGA
|
tryptophan in mtDNA
|
|
|
2nd stage Lyme disease
|
AV block + Bell's palsy
|
|
|
chronic Lyme disease
|
asymmetric large joint arthritis + encephalopathy
|
|
|
tx Lyme disease
|
doxy
|
|
|
Lyme disease vaccine
|
recombinant outer surface protein
|
|
|
blocks xanthine oxidase
|
allopurinol, results in decreased uric acid synthesis
|
|
|
Tzanck prep
|
HSV
|
|
|
injured endothelial cells secrete
|
PDGF, FGF, endothelin-1
|
|
|
outside nucleosome, helps make nucleosome more compact
|
H1
|
|
|
ubiquitin attaches
|
covalently to proteins, tagged for degradation in the proteasome
|
|
|
ubiquitin tags proteins for degradation in the
|
proteasome
|
|
|
reduced end plate potential
|
myasthenia gravis
|
|
|
progressive weakening of voluntary muscles
|
MG
|
|
|
improves with cholinesterase inhibitors and rest
|
MG
|
|
|
autoAb against post-synaptic N Ach receptors, receptor then internalized and degraded
|
MG
|
|
|
absolute refractory period in muscle in MG is
|
normal!
|
|
|
excitation-contraction coupling
|
Ca++ release into intracellular space, bind trponin C, conformation change, actin and myosin allowed to bind
|
|
|
tx MG
|
cholinesterase inhibitor (pyristigmine), immunosuppression, thymectomy
|
|
|
cholinesterase inhibitors (pyristigmine) cause
|
overstimulation of M receptors in gut leading to diarrhea
|
|
|
M blockers
|
scopolamine, hyocyamine
|
|
|
non-selective M agonist
|
pilocarpine
|
|
|
Downs
|
meiotic nondisjunction, unbalanced Robertsonian translocation, or mosaicism (2 cell lines)
|
|
|
duodenal atresia
|
Downs, bilious vomit on 1st day of life, hx polyhydramnios
|
|
|
genomic imprinting
|
PraderWilli, Angelman
|
|
|
uniparental disomy
|
complete mole
|
|
|
biological active form of coenzyme A, binds oxaloacetate in 1st step TCA to form citrate
|
pantothenic acid
|
|
|
valproate during pregnancy leads to
|
NTD, because blocks folic acid absorption
|
|
|
atrialized RV, downward displacement of tricuspid
|
lithium in pregnancy
|
|
|
1st trimester, estrogen and prog. made where?
|
corpus luteum
|
|
|
2nd and 3rd trimesters, estrogen and prog. made where?
|
estrogen by fetal adrenals, progest. by placenta
|
|
|
prolactin in pregnancy
|
steadily increases as pregnancy progresses
|
|
|
hCG secreted by
|
syncytiotrophoblast in 1st trimester
|
|
|
highest hCG at
|
week 9, then decreases by mid-pregnancy
|
|
|
hCG role
|
maintains corpus luteum, until placenta takes over
|
|
|
motile gram negative, oxidase positive, non-lactose fermenter
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
|
endotoxin of Pseudomonas
|
fever and shock
|
|
|
exotoxin of Pseudomonas
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inactivates EF2
|
|
|
granulation tissue in ear canal, tympanic membrane intact
|
malignant otitis externa
|
|
|
seen in elderly DM patients
|
malignant otitis externa, exquisite pain
|
|
|
malignant otitis externa can lead to
|
osteomyelitis of skull base, nerve damage
|
|
|
tx Pseudomonas
|
cipro
|
|
|
gram negative comma shaped rod, oxidase positive, like alkaline media
|
cholera
|
|
|
gram negative rods, fast lactose fermenters
|
E. coil and Klebsiella
|
|
|
non-motile, non-lactose gram negative rod
|
Shigella
|
|
|
requires Factor X(hematin) and Factor V (NAD)
|
H. influenza (gram negative)
|
|
|
immobile tympanic membrane, fluid in middle ear
|
otitis media
|
|
|
cresentric RPGN
|
Goodpasture (anti-GBM), immune complex mediated, Wegener's (no Ig/complement)
|
|
|
low C3, high antistreptolysin O, high anti-DNaseB
|
PSGN (2-3 weeks)
|
|
|
painless hematuria in kid, 2-3 days post infection
|
IgA nephropathy
|
|
|
interstitial nephritis assoc with
|
increased eosinophils in blood and urine
|
|
|
wedge shaped bands of necrosis in pyrimidal cells of hippocampus and Purkinje cells of cerebellum
|
hypoxic encephalopathy (cerebral ischemia due to cardiogenic shock)
|
|
|
permanent brain damage occurs after
|
4-5 minutes
|
|
|
American Southwest/Arizona spore inhalation
|
coccidiodes
|
|
|
Miss. and Ohio River Valleys
|
Histoplasmosis
|
|
|
bird and bats poop, caves
|
Histoplasmosis
|
|
|
asthmatics at risk for
|
Aspergillus infection
|
|
|
PML RARa fusion gene
|
AML M3
|
|
|
retinoic acid receptor mutation
|
AML M3, tx with vitamin A
|
|
|
myeloid precursors in different stages
|
CML t(9,22)
|
|
|
bcr-abl fusion gene
|
abnormal tyrosine kinase, CML
|
|
|
c-myc
|
Burkitt
|
|
|
right heart border
|
RA
|
|
|
prolactinoma, gastrinoma, parathyroidoma
|
MEN1
|
|
|
enlarged hilar lymph nodes + epitheloid macrophages + non-caseating granuloma
|
sarcoidosis
|
|
|
granulomas with central zone necrosis + asthma symptoms
|
Churg Strauss
|
|
|
tx allergic rhinitis
|
a-agonists (phenylephrine, xylometazoline, oxymetazoline)
|
|
|
rebound rhinorrhea
|
a-agonists (phenylephrine, xylometazoline, oxymetazoline)
|
|
|
blocks renin release
|
B1 blockers (propanolol)
|
|
|
renin-aldosterone regulation
|
macula densa, intrarenal baroreceptors, B1 receptors on JG cells
|
|
|
to prevent neonatal tentanus
|
vaccinate pregnant moms with toxoid, IgG crosses placenta
|
|
|
unprediactable on/off response with L-dopa due to
|
enhanced drug metabolism, sporadic, drug holidays NOT useful
|
|
|
septate hyphae, 45 degree V-branching
|
Asperigilus
|
|
|
loves blood vessels, spreads in blood
|
Aspergilus
|
|
|
prebyopia
|
lens sclerosis, decreased elasticity, can't focus on near objects, in elderly can actually improve distance vision
|
|
|
to focus near
|
ciliary muscle contracts, lens relaxes, more convex
|
|
|
to focus far
|
ciliary muscle relaxes, lens flattens
|
|
|
Legg-Calve Perthes
|
fermoral head necrosis in kids
|
|
|
UV damage leading to rough scaly red papules
|
actinitic keratosis
|
|
|
PPV
|
A/A+B
|
|
|
NPV
|
D/C+D
|
|
|
to assess validity
|
sensitivity and specificity
|
|
|
nodular uterosacral ligaments, fixed retoversion of uterus, chocolate cysts
|
endometrosis
|
|
|
endometrial glands in uterine myometrium, enlarged uterus
|
adenomyosis
|
|
|
multiple small cysts + cortical fibrosis
|
PCOS
|
|
|
voluntary muscle activity
|
corticospinal tract, synapse on motor neurons of anterior horn
|
|
|
spinothalamic tract
|
pain and temp
|
|
|
dorsal column
|
proprioception and vibration
|
|
|
cause of deathd ue to lightening
|
cardiac arrhythmia
|
|
|
fern leaf marks on skin, superficial (not deep) skin burns, severe internal injury, skeletal fractures
|
lightening
|
|
|
dark urine, high bili, recent travel or seafood
|
acute viral Hep, likely Hep A
|
|
|
diffuse ballooning degeneration of liver, mononuclear infiltrate, eosinophilic apoptotic liver cells (Councilman bodies)
|
acute viral Hep
|
|
|
nodular regeneration of hepatocytes
|
cirrhosis due to chronic Hep
|
|
|
chronic hepatitis
|
Hep B and C
|
|
|
pioglitazone, a TZD
|
decreases insulin resistance, binds PPAR-gamma transcription regulator (nuclear receptor) in glucose and lipid metabolism
|
|
|
binds PPAR-gamma transcription regulator
|
pioglitazone (TZD)
|
|
|
adiponectin levels in DM
|
low
|
|
|
site gastric ulcers
|
lesser curvature
|
|
|
at lesser curvature and gastric corpus
|
parietal cells make HCl and IF
|
|
|
at antrum
|
G cells in glands make gastrin
|
|
|
gp41
|
anchors gp120, mediates virus-cell fusion
|
