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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Human Communication |
the process of one person stimulating meaning in the mind of another person(s) by means of verbal or nonverbal messages |
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Nonverbal Communication |
the process of one person stimulating meaning in the mind of another person or persons by means of nonverbal messages |
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Myths about Nonverbal Communication |
1. its nonsense, all communication involves verbal language 2. it accounts for most of human communication 3. you can read a person like a book 4. if there's no eye contact, there's no truth 5. most NV behaviors are natural to all people 6. NV behavior stimulates the same meanings in different situations |
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Verbal vs. Nonverbal Behavior: Linguistics |
1. Linguistics: NVB does not depend on language like VB does 2. Continuity: VB messages are discontinuous and is stopped and started. NVB is continuous, it never stops 3. Processing: VB messages are processed on the left side of the brain, NVB on the right 4. Outcome: VB messages are cognitive functions, NVB messages are emotional 5. Absolute: VB messages usually have an explicit intent or meaning, NVB messages can be interpreted lots of ways |
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Accidental Communication |
performing a NVB that gets interpreted as a message by someone else, but is incorrect because the sender didn't intend to send a message |
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Intentional Communication |
engaging in behavior with the intent of sending a message to the receiver, and the receiver interpreting it as a message |
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Homophily |
perceived similarity in appearance, background, attitudes, and values |
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Complementing |
verbal/nonverbal consistency, a nonverbal message that reinforces or elaborates the verbal message waving and saying "hello!" |
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Contradicting |
verbal/nonverbal inconsistency, nonverbal message conflicts with verbal message "I am happy" while frowning |
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Accenting |
using NVB to enhance or highlight a verbal message "i ate a HUUUGE pizza!" |
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Repeating |
nonverbal message that reiterates the verbal message "I want two" while holding up two fingers |
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Regulating |
coordinating verbal interactions through regulation and direction with nonverbal behaviors looking at someone to start a conversation raising your hand |
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Substituting |
no verbal component, only nonverbal message. waving or beckoning |
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Nonverbal Message Categories |
1. Physical appearance 2. movement (gestures) 3. face (eyes) 4. vocal behavior (pitch, tone, loudness, words) 5. touch 6. space (environment, personal space) 7. time (early/late, meeting, waiting) |
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Physical Appearance |
the state, condition, manner, or style in which a person manifests his or her presence |
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Physical Attractiveness |
properties of the physical body that make you want to interact with a person first impressions |
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Social Attractiveness |
the degree to which we perceive another person to be someone with whom we would like to socialize |
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Task Attractiveness |
the degree to which we perceive another person as someone we'd want to work with or have as a coworker/teammate |
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Image Fixation |
a long-term view a person has about his or her image or body |
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder |
obsessive preoccupation with a falsely perceived image flaw or defect |
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Attractiveness: Educational Setting |
student/teacher relationships attractive students get better grades |
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Attractiveness: Persuasive Setting |
attractive people have better success at getting others to do what they want them to do dress to impress |
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Attractiveness: Interview Setting |
attractive people have a better shot at getting the job dress for success and to impress |
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Personal Body Concept |
your own perception of your body characteristics |
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Endomorph |
round bodies, heavy, pear shaped |
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Mesomorph |
triangular body shape, wide shoulders, narrow hips, firm and muscular |
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Ectomorph |
bony, thin, tall, flat chested, underdeveloped muscles |
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Dress and Personality |
clothing can represent our personalities. they represent our emotions and speak before we do |
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Dress and Popularity |
dressing to impress others we are drawn to similar dressers |
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Dress and Rank/Status |
dressing better increases perceptions of status and intelligence |
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Dress and Group Identification |
dressing to be part of or feel included in a group |
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Dress and Power and Success |
suits are designed to send messages of power and authority |
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Emblems |
speech independent gestures with a direct verbal translation they're essentially universally known conscious action waving, wrinkling nose |
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Kinesics |
the study of the communicative impact of body movement and gesture |
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Illustrators |
gestures and movements closely linked with spoken language that help reinforce what is being said usually intentional "ew gross" while making a face |
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Regulators |
movements and gestures that help us maintain and regulate back-and-forth conversations learned, often not conscious pausing to end a conversation |
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Adaptors |
expressing emotions or responding to something like boredom or stress. highly unintentional, learned over time looking around the room when someone is boring you twirling hair if stressed |
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Posture |
shows emotional state, interest level, self-value, relationships walking slumped over when sad |
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Dramatic Style of Communication |
"the world's a stage" most physically visible style extreme exaggeration heavy use of illustrators |
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Dominant Style of Communication |
nonverbal cues to dominate listeners expansive body posture movements to increase your "size" quick approach |
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Animated Style of Communication |
exaggerated body movements and motions lots of gestures while speaking frequent head nods and smiles always moving excited and frantic |
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Relaxed Style of Communication |
Calm, slow, lazy, informal relaxed posture, movements, and gestures lack of gestures in conversation |
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Friendly Style of Communication |
absence of hostility body movements to reduce distance affectionate touching positive and friendly to receiver |
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Attentive Style of Communication |
more listening than speaking active listening gestures encouraging speaker to continue positive, confirming NVB make speaker feel what they're saying is worth hearing |
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Open Style of Communication |
bodily activity that is expansive, extroverted, and approach-oriented friendly, non-secretive, conversational behaviors |
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Contentious Style of Communication |
aggressive dominance intimidation tactics loud, argumentative, confrontational |
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Impression-Leaving Style of Communication |
the impression someone leaves, if any |
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Masking |
facial management technique repression of emotion-related expressions replaced with expressions that are acceptable in the setting |
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Intensification |
facial management technique exaggerating what we feel facial expressions to exaggerate emotions |
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Neutralization |
face management technique elimination of any facial expression "poker face" |
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Deintensification |
facial management technique reduced intensity of facial expressions circumstances require downplaying what we truly feel |
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Human Ethology |
the systematic observation of human behavior |
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Ethogram |
a list of operational definitions of behaviors used in a particular study a procedure to make your observations replicable |
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Withholder Style of Facial Expressions |
rarely use facial movement inhibits display of feelings neutralizing display rule |
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Revealer Style of Facial Expressions |
always show true feelings "wearing your heart on your sleeve" can't not express themselves dramatic communication style |
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Unwitting Expressor style of Facial Expressions |
believe you are masking feelings when in reality information about emotions is being leaked unknowingly poor neutralizer can't hide inappropriate reactions/emotions |
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Blanked Expressor style of Facial Expressions |
neutral expressions, even when you think you are expressing emotions emotion and expression disconnected |
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Substitute Expressor Style of Facial Expressions |
substitutes one emotional expression for another thinks they're showing one emotion when they're really displaying another won't believe you when you point it out |
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Frozen-Affect Expressor Style of Facial Expressions |
always manifests at least a part of a particular emotional expression permanent mask "bitch face" |
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Ever-Ready Expressor Style of Facial Expressions |
display one emotion as initial response to every situation followed by more revealing expression |
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Flooded-Effect Expressor Style of Facial Expressions |
never look neutral flood face constantly with one particular emotion |
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Affect Blends |
at any given time humans may show two or more emotions multiple facial expressions eyes say one emotion, mouth says another |
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Partials |
revealing an emotion only in one part of the face while controlling the others could be caused by emotional leakage |
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Oculesics |
the study of eye behavior, contact, movement, and the functions of eye behavior |
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Functions of Eye Behavior |
Scanning - collect information about world Establishing all types of relationships Expressing emotions Regulating interactions |
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Mutual Gaze |
two people looking in the direction of one another's faces |
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One-Sided Look |
glance or gaze of one individual in the direction of another person's face gaze not reciprocated |
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Gaze Aversion |
avoiding looking at someone during an interpersonal encounter, even when the other person is looking at you intentional and conscious |
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Gaze Omission |
one person doesn't look at the other, but it is not intentional avoidance different message communicated than aversion |
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Paralanguage |
the communicative value of language |
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Voice Set |
closely related to who the speaker is personal characteristics when two people say the same thing with the same emotions, but it still sounds different |
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Voice Qualities |
tempo, rhythm, pitch control modifications of the vocal cues that accompany spoken words |
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Vocal Characterizers |
non-language sounds
moaning, crying, wimpering, laughing, etc. |
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Vocal Qualifiers |
regulate specific portions of what is said intensity, pitch height, extent emphasis on a portion of the speech |
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Vocal Segregate |
audible, not linguistic "non-words used as words" fillers and sounds "uhm" "ah" "shhh" "ya know" |
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Voice Printing |
identifies people by unique characteristics and qualities in his or her voice like finger printing |
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Filled Pauses |
interruptions in the stream of speech that are filled with vocal segregates |
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Focal Sampling |
one individual (or pair) is the focus of observations during a time period |
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All-Animal Sampling |
the focus is one (or a few) behaviors in a large number of individuals |
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Ad libitum Sampling |
opportunistic observations mostly done to collect field notes |
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All-Occurrences Sampling |
record of all events of a particular behavior in a few individuals |
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Sequence Sampling |
behavioral chains are recorded in an individual most accurate because behavior is continuous |
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Time (Scan) Sampling |
record of the behaviors of individuals at a point in time |
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One-Zero Sampling |
the observer scores whether a behavior occurs (1) or not (0) during a short interval |
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Turn-maintaining Cues |
cues speakers use to signal to their listeners that they want to keep the floor most prominent in situations where someone is trying to interrupt increase in loudness of speach |
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Turn-yielding Behavior |
when we're finished speaking and want to signal to our listener that he can start talking asking a question drop in pitch or trailing off |
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response latency |
the time it takes a person to begin speaking after another person stops |
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Turn-requesting Cues |
nonverbally encouraging the speaker to stop talking starting to interject "but...but..I..but I..." increasing "mmhmm" responses |
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Turn-denying Behavior |
occur when a listener has nothing to say when the speaker begins to end his speaking turn slower rate of responses vocal cues that reward the speaker for speaking |
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Dialect |
use of different words to reference similar meanings concern of linguistics accent and dialect are perceptions one has of another's way of speaking, based on their own ways |
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Proxemics |
the study of the ways in which humans use and communicate messages with space |
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Territory |
a space (usually stable in time) whose perceived owners can move in and out without giving up their claim to it |
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Primary Territory |
exclusive domain of the owner daily use respected by others and not violated "mom's chair" "dad's den" |
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Secondary Territory |
general association with the owners a particular person or group frequently seen around it more vulnerable to invasion table at MacLarens, frat house |
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Public Territory |
open to anyone, rarely under constant control temporary ownership protected like personal property chair in class, spot on beach |
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Home Territory |
group colonization of a public territory take it over and use it continuously sense of behavioral freedom territory technically remains public, but becomes functionally secondary territory gang on a street |
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Body Territory |
personal space "bubble" surrounding you |
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Territorial Defense |
Markers - personal artifacts Labels - symbolic meaning (like a sign) Offensive - display of agression/power Tenure - association over a long time that gives you the upper hand |
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Encroachment: Violation |
Unwarrented use of someone's territory temporary sitting in dad's chair while he's gone |
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Encroachment: Invasion |
drastic and permanent crossing territorial boundaries with the intention of taking over and keeping the territory |
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Encroachment: Contamination |
ruining someone's territory leaving something of yours in the territory messing up its intended definition and usage |
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Encroachment: Blocking |
someone occupying the territory you need to move from one place to another |
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Encroachment Reactions |
Withdrawal - compensating by moving away and letting the encroacher take over. no fight Insulation - building boundaries to stop encroachment. markers, body movements, gestures to block invader Defense - expelling invader from your territory. fighting back. most active reaction |
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Personal Space |
always present, variable in size (context dependent), socially learned, signifier of relationships |
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Interpersonal Distance |
Intimate Zone: innermost interaction region. touching distance of 18 inches. used in intimate relationships
Casual-personal Zone: 18 inches to 4 feet. used during conversations with close friends Socioconsultive Zone: 4-8 feet. business transactions Public Zone: 8 feet to all limits of interaction potential |
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Density vs. Crowding |
Density - the number of people in a space Crowding - a person's perception of spacial restrictions |
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Three Factors for Crowding
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Surveillance: the degree to which you sense that strangers are watching you Behavioral Constraint: reduction in one's freedom of movement Stimulus Overload: plethora of noises, sights, etc. stimuli that bombard the senses simultaneously |
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Seven Primary Facial Expressions of Emotion |
1. Happiness 2. Contempt 3. Sadness 4. Disgust 5. Anger 6. Fear 7. Surprise |
