Nmdf211 Final Exam Part 1

Front 1

What are the two main ways in which compounds broken down by the liver are
excreted?

Back 1

via urine or bile

Front 2

Name the 2 main pathways for the breakdown of chemical substances that are
present in the blood and give a brief description their functions?

Back 2

Phase 1 detox system breaks down toxins and chemicals into intermediate metabolites, which can be more easily cleared via the phase
2 system.
Phase 2 detox involves the conjugation of intermediate metabolites with a variety of different enzymes to either neutralize or make the metabolites easier to excrete

Front 3

What is the main group of enzymes involved in phase 1 detox?

Back 3

cytochrome P450 enzymes

Front 4

Name 3 nutrients involved in phase 1 detox?

Back 4

B2, B3, B6, folate, B12, glutathione, branch chained amino acids glycine,
leucine, isoleucine and valine.

Front 5

Name 3 substances which may be detoxified via this pathway?

Back 5

Caffeine, alcohol, cigarette, paint and exhaust fumes, pesticides and
perfumes, salicylates

Front 6

How may phase 1 under activity manifest?

Back 6

intolerance to perfume, caffeine and other environmental chemicals

Front 7

What may occur if the rate of phase 1 exceeds the rate of phase 2 detox?

Back 7

increased free radicals which requires increased antioxidants

Front 8

List 3 substances which lower phase 1 detox?

Back 8

grapefruit, turmeric, red chili, clove oil and calendula

Front 9

Why may you want this to occur?

Back 9

if a person has been exposed to high amounts of chemicals and phase 1
activity is higher than phase 2

Front 10

Name the 6 phase 2 pathways and 2 things that they each detoxify?

Back 10

glutathione conjugation – bacterial toxins, ethyl alcohol, penicillin, tetracycline, toxic metals, petroleum distillates;
amino acid conjugation –salicylates, organic acids, bile acids, stearic acid and palmitic acid;
methylation – dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, histamine, ;
sulfation – ethyl alcohol, thyroxine, estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, amines and phenols; acetylation – caffeine, choline, tyramine, tryptamine,
serotonin;
glucuronidation – vitamins A, E, D, K, morphine, steroids,
benzodiazephines

Front 11

Name 2 other detox pathways and a nutrient which may support each?

Back 11

Gut barrier; GALT functions to block toxins going into the blood –
glutamine, fibre, vitamin A
Immune system; react to toxins in the body – Vitamin C, bioflavonoids,
zinc
Kidneys; filters certain contaminants within the glomerular - water

Front 12

Which is the intermediary metabolic by-product in the regeneration of methionine
from SAMe?

Back 12

homocysteine

Front 13

What other amino acid may be formed from this product apart from methionine?

Back 13

Cysteine

Front 14

List 3 nutrients which lower homocysteine levels?

Back 14

main folate, B12, B6
other b2 b3 betaine glycine serine choline

Front 15

What are the enzymes which break down alcohol?

Back 15

alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase

Front 16

What are the cofactors they require?

Back 16

B3 and zinc

Front 17

What important enzyme in the conversion of essential fatty acids to antiinflammatory

mediators may alcohol inhibit?

Back 17

delta-6 desaturase

Front 18

Which nutrient can reverse alcohol induced fatty livers?

Back 18

carnitine

Front 19

Name 5 nutritional considerations to aid in alcohol detoxification?

Back 19

increase nutrients involved in liver detox, especially phase 1 and
antioxidants
- alkalize the body to reduce acidity caused by alcohol
- well balanced diet high in protein for the beneficial amino acids and
essential fatty acids due to the liver preferentially utilising fatty acids as a
source of cellular energy. Carbohydrates may compromise the liver’s
ability to regenerate. - carnitine facilitates the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria and
aids liver regeneration
- avoid any food intolerances
- zinc and B3 for alcohol detox enzymes
- glutamine aids to relieve withdrawals
- probiotics and prebiotics for gut flora
- fibre to aid toxin elimination
- glutathione support as antioxidant and hepatoprotective and regenerative
- catechin a bioflavonoid is hepatoprotective

Front 20

Name 2 sulfur amino acids?

Back 20

cysteine and methionine

Front 21

What are the main nutrients used for protein metabolism?

Back 21

B6, zinc

Front 22

Which amino acids make up glutathione?

Back 22

Cysteine, glycine, glutamate

Front 23

Which nutrient is required for the function of glutathione peroxidase?

Back 23

selenium

Front 24

What is alanine’s unique role?

Back 24

in the transfer of nitrogen, in the form of lactate and ammonia, from
peripheral tissue to the liver for conversion to urea in the urea cycle

Front 25

This cycle occurs via which amino acid that is subsequently reformed from alanine
and a-ketoglutarate?

Back 25

glutamate

Front 26

This transformation is dependent on the enzyme alanine transferase that requires
which nutrient as a cofactor?

Back 26

B6, pyridoxine

Front 27

The enzyme a-ketoacid dehydrogenase requires which nutrient cofactor?

Back 27

B3

Front 28

Arginine may be converted to which amino acid by the enzyme arginase?

Back 28

ornithine

Front 29

What other substance may arginine be converted to?

Back 29

nitric oxide

Front 30

Which nutrient is necessary to convert serine to glycine and vice versa?

Back 30

folate

Front 31

Which other substance may form serine?

Back 31

3-phosphoglycerate

Front 32

Proline can be synthesized from which 2 amino acids?

Back 32

ornithine and glutamate

Front 33

Which mineral is the enzyme which converts phenylalanine to tyrosine, dependent
on?

Back 33

iron

Front 34

Which pathway converts proteins to lipids stored in adipose tissue?

Back 34

lipogenesis

Front 35

Which pathway synthesizes new glucose from amino acids?

Back 35

gluconeogenesis

Front 36

What are the main functions of purines?

Back 36

building blocks of RNA and DNA, components of high energy compounds
such as ATP, GTP and AMP, as well as components of signaling
molecules such as cAMP and cGMP

Front 37

Purines are progressively oxidized to form which substance to be excreted in
urine?

Back 37

uric acid

Front 38

What are the health risks of excessive purines?

Back 38

gout and kidney disorders

Front 39

Pyramidine synthesis begins with which amino acid?

Back 39

glutamine

Front 40

Which group of nutrient enzymes can this pathway generate?

Back 40

TTP which is B1 cofactor

Front 41

Which nutrient based enzymes are required for the conversion of threonine to
pyruvate?

Back 41

NAD and FAD

Front 42

Which amino acid forms the neuron transmitter serotonin?

Back 42

tryptophan

Front 43

Which amino acid is required for the formation of dopamine?

Back 43

tyrosine

Front 44

Which amino acid is required for the formation of GABA?

Back 44

glutamate

Front 45

Which nutrient is required as a cofactor for this process?

Back 45

B6 or pyridoxine

Front 46

Which nutrients are needed for acetylcholine production?

Back 46

B1 mg

Front 47

Which nutrients are required for red blood cell synthesis and what role do they
play?

Back 47

iron for erythropoesis, vitamin B12 and folate as cofactors in bone marrow
for stem cell division and B6 to bind to hemoglobin and increase oxygen
binding affinity

Front 48

What is the function of monocytes?

Back 48

phagocytic and migrate into tissues where they develop into macrophages

Front 49

Which nutrients aid in their function?

Back 49

glutamine, beta-carotene and vitamin E

Front 50

Which amino acid mainly acts as a fuel for white blood cells?

Back 50

glutamine

Front 51

Which type of white cells focus mainly on detrimental bacteria?

Back 51

neutrophils

Front 52

Which type focus on parasitic worms and are also associated with allergic
reactions?

Back 52

eosinophils

Front 53

Which type of white cells are associated with hay fever and IgE antibodies?

Back 53

basophils

Front 54

What are the main types of lymphocytes?

Back 54

B-cells and T-cells

Front 55

What are their main function?

Back 55

to build up specific resistance in the body to a variety of pathogens

Front 56

Which amino acids aid in the production of lymphocytes?

Back 56

alanine and glutamine

Front 57

Which nutrients are required to facilitate their function?

Back 57

vitamin A, C, E, glutathione, beta-carotene and lycopene

Front 58

Which lymphokines are produced endogenously by macrophages from cells
infected with viruses?

Back 58

interferons

Front 59

Which substrates are required for these to function?

Back 59

glucose, amino acids and vitamin C