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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name 3 major groups of carbs |
Mono Di Oligo Poly |
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Give 2 examples of each carb type |
Mono fructose glucose galactose Di lactose maltose sucrose Poly cellulose glycogen starch |
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Which monosacc has slower rate of uptake from digestive tract |
Fructose |
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Main location of disacc digestion |
Upper small intestines |
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Key enzyme for disacch breakdown |
Alpha amylase |
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Key enzyme in disacch breakdown |
Disaccharidase |
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2 places polysaccharide enzyme produced |
Saliva and pancreas |
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Which transport mechanism are mono taken over basolateral into portal circulation |
Facilitated GLUT 2 |
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Glucose is taken into cells via |
GLUT |
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Which transporter is regulated by insulin |
GLUT 4 |
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Where is GLUT 4 located |
Muscle, heart, adipose tissue |
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Which 3 nutrients are required for insulin receptor function |
Chromium Boron Glutamine |
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Transporter in brain |
GLUT 3 |
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Essential amino acids |
Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine |
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Non essential amino acids |
Alanine. Proline Aspartic acid. Serine Carnitine. Taurine Cysteine. Tyrosine Glutamic acid Glutathione Glycine Ornithine |
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Which is absorbed faster Peptides or amino acids |
Peptides |
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2 mechanisms that move free amino acids across basolateral border and what is the difference |
High intake Na independent diffusion Low intake Na dependent |
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In intestinal cells, what are amino acids used for |
Apoproteins New digestive enzymes Hormones Nitro compounds |
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Name group of enzymes that hydrolyse protein |
Proteases |
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3 types of proteases that function in small intestines |
? |
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What syndrome allows oligopeptides to enter circulation via paracellular or intracellular routes and cause inflammation reactions |
? |
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2 carrier systems which transport amino acids into liver |
Diffusion Na pump |
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Name 3 types of plasma proteins |
Albumin Retinyl binding protein Blood clotting proteins |
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Name 5 nitrogen containing compounds which the liver synthesizes from amino acids |
Glutathione Carnitive Creatine Carnosine Choline |
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Substance to reform absorbate from dehydroascorbate |
Glutathione |
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Is vitamin c influenced by intake |
Yes |
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2 antagonists of vitamin c |
Iron Pectin Zinc |
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Which cells have the highest vitamin c concentration |
Adrenal Pituitary |
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Vitamin c activates which enzyme for energy production and collagen synthesis |
Hydroxylase |
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2 thiamine coenzyme forms |
TDP Thiaminediphosphate TPP Thiamin pyrophosphate |
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3 thiamine antagonists |
Raw fish Coffee Blueberries |
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Group of enzymes which breakdown the phosphate bonds prior to absorption |
Intestinal phosphatase |
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2 substances that prevent destruction of thiamine |
Vitamin c Acid |
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Which mechanisms are used to transport thiamine |
Low intake ThTr active transport High intake passive diffusion |
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Mechanism of uptake of thiamine in cells |
Active Na |
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2 coenzyme forms of riboflavin |
FMN flavin mononucleotide FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide |
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4 riboflavin antagonists |
Copper Zinc Manganese Alcohol |
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Protein carrier of riboflavin through circulation |
Albumin |
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Highest concentration of riboflavin storage |
Kidney Liver Heart |
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2 active forms of niacin |
NAD Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADP Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
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Niacin also synthesized from liver from which amino acid |
Tryptophan |
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2 mechanisms do niacin absorbed from intestines |
Low intake Na High intake passive diffusion |
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Is pantothenic acid intake dependent |
Yes |
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Coenzyme forms of pantothenate |
CoA |
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Pantothenic acid is mainly transported through circulation by |
RBC |
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In cells, what is pantothenic acid typically used for |
Synth of CoA |
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3 phophorylated coenzyme forms of pyridoxine |
PNP Pyridoxine phosphate PLP Pyridoal phosphate PMP Pyriodoxamine phosphate |
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Phosphorylated forms of pyridoxine require hydrolysis prior to absorption, what is the responsible enzyme and nutrient it depends on |
Alkaline phosphatase Zinc |
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Active form of pyridoxine |
PLP |
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Which vitamin is agonist of pyridoxine |
B2? |
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How is pyridoxine absorbed across both brush and basolateral borders |
Passive |
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Cobalamin is released from peptide bonds by |
Pepsin and Hcl |
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Sustance in saliva and gastric juice binds to cobalamin before it is released from blood |
R protein |
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Describe b12 digestion |
R protein Instrinsic factor Calcium receptors |
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2 antagonists of cobalamin |
Vitamin c Iron |
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Major storage of cobalamine |
Adenosylocobalamin |
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Cobalamin travels in circulation bound to what |
TC1 TC2 if newly absorbed |
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3 substances that make up folic acid |
Pterdine Glulamic PAMA |
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Folate exists in polyglutamate forms which are hydrolyzed into monoglutamate forms prior to absorption into erythocyctes. Name enzymes responsible for this, and which nutrient is depends on |
Conjugases Zinc |
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3 factors which inhibit absorption of folate |
Alcohol Zinc deficiency Co jugase inhibitor |
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How does the majority of folate travel through circulation |
Help of FBP Folate binding proteins |
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Where is Biotin endogenously produced |
Colon bacteria |
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Which substance can inhibit intestinal absorption of biotin |
Avidin in raw egg Alcohol |
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4 forms of retinol |
Retinal Retinoic acid Retinyl esters Carotenoids |
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How does absorption of retinol take place over brush border |
Active transport via micelles |
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Inside cells, which 2 proteins are required for vitamin A metabolism |
CRBP Cellular retinoid Binding Protein LRAT Lecithin Retinol Acyl Transferase |
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Once inside the enterocyte which B vitamin is needed to form retinol from beta carotene |
B carotenoid |
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2 substances that enhance retinol absorption |
Zinc Protein |
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2 substances that impair absorption of retinol |
High intake of vitamin E Fibre |
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Describe process by which calciferol can be synthesized by sunlight and subsequently transported to tissue |
Cholesterol steroid absorbs Pre vitamin D3 (precalciferol) Vitamin D3 calciferol DBP Via plasma transporters a2 globulins |
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What other mechanism can califerol be transported to tissue |
Micelles, chylomicrons, lymph, liver, DBP deliver to tissue |
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2 substances which can stimulate califerol metabolism |
PTH Low intake phosphorus |
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Name 2 classes of a tocopherol |
Tocopherol Tocotrienols |
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Once across the basolateral border how is a tocopherol delivered to the liver |
Lipoproteins in lymph |
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How is a tocopherol transported after the liver
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phospholipids
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Main function of a tocopherol |
Prevents oxidation |
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Where does a tocopherol exist in cells |
Adipose tissue |
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Types of exogenous and endogenous phylloquinone and where are they found/produced |
Phylloquinone k1 plants Menaquinone k2 colon bacteria Menadione k3 synthtic |
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Phylloquinone antagonist |
Warfarin |
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How is Phylloquinone transported across the basolateral border |
Chylomicrons |
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Why is calcium in foods insoluble |
Requires Hcl to stabilise salts |
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Via which binding site is Ca get uptaken at brush border |
Active with calbindin |
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What happens if low Ca levels |
Stimulates PTH to release it from the bones |
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Which vitamin regulates releasing Ca from bones |
Vitamin D? |
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4 substances that bind calcium for faeces excretion |
Fibre Phlate Oxalate Fatty acids |
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3 factors which increase Ca absorption |
Pregnancy Low intake Growth |
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4 factors which decrease Ca absorption |
Caffeine Fibre and phytates High Na intake Oxalates in intestines |
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Factors that decrease Mg absorption |
Phytate Fibre Fatty acids Iron High phosphorus |
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2 factors that increase Mg absorption |
Fructose Oligosacchrides Vitamin d |
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What 2 mechanisms absorb Mg and why |
Carrier mediated active Paracellular diffusion ?? |
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How does Mg travel in circulation |
Freely Protein bound to albumin Non protein citrate, sulphate, phosphorus |
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2 mechanisms of Phosphorus absorption and why |
Low intake carrier mediated Na active High intake diffusion |
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Where is phosphorus found in body |
Phospholipids |
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Mechanism of Na absorption |
Na glucose Na H exchange Na channel |
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High Na increases excretion of |
Ca |
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How is chromium transported through circulation |
Transferrin |
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Chromium competitive minerals in transport |
Cu Cd Mn Fe |
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Which vitamin if in high levels affects Chromium |
Vitamin C |
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Copper is bound to protein What is needed to free it to allow absorption |
Chaperones |
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Name of receptors which facilitate transport of copper into cells from circulation
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Ceruloplasmin receptor
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Soluble intracellular proteins which bind to intracellular copper and deliver it to various locations in cell |
? |
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Factors which decrease copper absorption |
Zinc Phytates Iron Antacids Ca Phosphorus Vit c Mollybdenum |
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Iodine inhibitors |
Goitrogens compete in thyroid in cruciferous family vegies |
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Mechanism allows iodine to enter and exit enterocytes |
Active transport |
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How is iodine uptaken by thyroid |
Na/ATP |
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2 forms of iron |
Ferric Fe3 Ferrous Fe2 |
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Iron inhibitors |
Polyphenols Oxalic acid Phytates EDTA Ca Zn Manganese Nickle |
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How does iron travel in blood |
In haeme |
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How is iron stored |
In transferrin |
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2 ways manganese is transported in circulation |
Freely Bound to albumin |
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Manganese competes with iron Why |
Same binding site |
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2 ways molybdenum is transported in circulation |
Albumin A2 macro |
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2 mechanisms for molybdenum absorption |
Low intake Na carrier High intake passive |
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What form of selenium is best absorbed |
Selenomethionine |
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Factors that increase selenium absorption |
Vitamins A C E Low glutathione levels |
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2 ways selenium is transported in circulation |
As selenoamino acids Binds to selenoprotein or P Or glutathione peroxidase ?? |
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Mechanism which takes selenium in and out of circulation |
Amino acid transporters |
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How is zinc affected by concentration |
Low concentration better absorbed |
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Substances which increase zinc absorption |
Citric acid. Glutathione Picolinic acid Histidine Cysteine Tripeptides Lysine Glycine Pancreatic secretions |
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Substances which decrease zinc absorption |
Phytates. PPIs Oxalates Polyphenols Fibre Folate Mg Fe Ca Antacids H2 blockers |
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Substances which bind to zinc and absorbed in small intestines |
? |
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Which minerals use same transporters as zinc |
? |
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Substances that zinc incorporates into for storage in cells |
? |
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How does boron move in and out of cells |
Borate transporter Na |
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Where is boron mainly found |
Urine Bones Nails Teeth Hair |
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What is vanadium bound to for transport through circulation |
Transferrin and ferritin |
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What is vanadium bound to for storage |
? |
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Which other nutrients use the same transporter as vanadium |
? |
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Which other nutrients use the same storage as vanadium |
? |
