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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Classical Conditioning
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-An environmental stimulus elicits a behavioral response
*Used for dietary behavior change and human resource mgmt |
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Operant Conditiong
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-Behaviors can be changed by their consequences (rewards and reinforcements)
*Used by human resource mgmt |
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Four types of response-consequence outcomes
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-Positive reinforcement
-Negative reinforcement (removal of adverse stimuli that are already present to increase the likelihood of a response) -Punishment (decreases the future likelihood of a response) -Avoidance (prevent unpleasant event from occurring) |
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Which two responses are not effective towards long-term results of a diet?
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-Punishment
-Negative Reinforcement |
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Self-monitoring
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-Keeping records of eating behaviors or exercise
-Increases self awareness -A measure of a person's commitment to change |
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Written contracts
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-Includes goals for change, timetables, and schedules for reinforcement
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Behavior modification: Obesity
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-Goal setting
-Cognitive reconstructing -Self-monitoring -Contracts -Examining ABC's |
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Behavioral Modification: Diabetes
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-Self-monitoring
-Positive reinforcement -Identifying cues to eating -Social support -Follow up |
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Behavioral Modification: Cardiovascular disease
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-Self-monitoring of food intake
-Positive reinforcement -Examining the ABC's |
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Behavioral Modification: Human Resource Management
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-Goal setting
-Modeling -Positive reinforcement |
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Cognitive-behavioral therapy
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A Process in which strategies for dealing with a person's cognitions or thoughts are incorporated into behavioral programs
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What are predictive of lapse and relapse?
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-Negative cognitions
-Low self-efficacy ratings |
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Types off cognitive distortions
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-All or nothing thinking ("I'm a weak person and failure or I'm too fat")
-Disqualifying the positive ("I'm following the diet today, but probably won't be able to tomorrow") -"Should" statements -Emotional reasoning ("I'm so tired that I need sweets for energy") -Jumping to conclusions ("I don't think I can follow the diet") -Labeling and mislabeling ("I'm a failure") -Magnification and minimizing ("I lost weight but not enough") -Mental filter ("If I can't eat what I want then I won't have fun at the party") -Over-generalization ("I ate too much, I will never lose weight") -Personalization ("This was my fault") |
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Three phases of cognitive reconstructing
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-Phase 1 = Help bring client's cognitions to a level of awareness so that the nature of the problem can be identified
-Phase 2 = Client and counselor explorethe cognitive problem so that the client can figure out why the problem is being caused -Phase 3 = Actual change takes place |
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Coping skills the counselor can teach a client
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-Modeling
-Behavioral rehearsal -Direct instruction -Coaching -Feedback -Thought stopping |
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Outcome expectancy
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A person's belief that a given behavior will or will not lead to a certain outcome
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Self-efficacy expectation
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the belief that one is or is not capable of performing the behavior required to lead to the desired outcome
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What are the four most common poor listening habits?
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-Limited and undeveloped attention span
-Only pay attention to material they "like" or see as a benefit -Tend to trust their intuition over the content of the message -Attach too much credibility to messages from electronic media |
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Parts of an interview: Opening
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-Meet each other
-Establish rapport -Develop a supportive atmosphere with trust -Discuss the purpose of the interview |
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Parts of an interview: The exploration phase
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-Ask questions to identify the nutrition-related problem or nutrition diagnosis
-Develop ideas to resolve the problem through nutrition and other simple interventions -Use the skills of understanding responses and paraphrasing |
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Parts of an interview: The closing
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-Thank the client (respect as equals)
-Ask if the client has any questions -Ask the client to summarize the information most important to them -Offer interim activity to bring back for the next appointment -Arrange for follow up appointments -Conclude conversation |
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Types of questions
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-Open (great freedom for responding)
-Closed (limited and focused) -Primary (introduces new topics) -Secondary ("probe" to obtain further information) -Neutral (no bias, no direction) -Leading (direct the respondent to one answer) |
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The six types of responses
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-Evaluative = Judgmental (not helpful)
-Hostile = Uncontrolled anger (not helpful) -Reassuring = "disables" the client (not helpful) -Probing = can be helpful -Understanding = can be helpful -Confrontation = to be helpful requires skills (used in motivational interviewing) |
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ADA values
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-Customer focus = meets the needs and exceeds the expectations of internal and external customers
-Integrity = acts ethically with accountability for life-long learning and commitment to excellence -Innovation = embraces change with creativity and strategic thinking -Social responsibility = makes decisions with consideration for inclusivity as well as environmental, economic, and social implications |
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States of change
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-Pre-contemplation = denial/unaware
-Contemplation = accepts and considers -Planning/preparation = seeks options/ solutions -Action = tries solutions -Maintenance = uses solutions 6 months or more -Relapse (prevention) = uses or not uses coping strategies |
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Cognitive reconstructing
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Focus on false thoughts, test their validity, change them
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Self-efficacy
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Situation specific confidence to perform behaviors
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Relapse prevention
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How to recover from setbacks
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Self-efficacy will influence whether people will...
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-Even consider changing
-Mobilize their perseverance and motivation to suceed -Recover from set backs, lapse, and relapse -Maintain the changes they achieve |
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The most effective therapy for bulimia nervosa is...
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Cognitive behavioral therapy
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"Power"
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Knowledge
-Decision making -Control -The right to ask questions |
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Power over
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-More traditional approach
-The professional identifies the client's problem and tells the client how to resolve it *Professional don't get to hear the client's opinion *Poor compliance |
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Power with
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-The professional needs to learn what the clients know, what they value, what their experiences have been, and what their problems are from the client's perspective
*Client becomes equal partners with the educator |
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Facilitator interjects only to...
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-Correct misinformation
-Guides participants to closure at the end of the discussion -Encourages participation -Dialogue/Exchange -Maintains ground rules |
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Focus group leaders do not need to...
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-To achieve group understanding
-Resolve disputes -Correct misconceptions -Achieve consensus |
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Censure
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A written reprimand expressing disapproval of conduct
*Does not lose membership or registration status |
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Empathy
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Approach of putting yourself in someone else's shoes
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No rapport =
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No exploration
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No trust =
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Not coming to follow-up
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Health Belief Model
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A framework to predict whether a person would or would not change an activity or behavior to benefit his or her health
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The first step in the Nutrition Care Process is
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Assessment
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Nutrition diagnoses are grouped into a number of domains. Which domain should be given first consideration for determining a nutrition intervention?
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Intake - diet, nutrition support
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Complete this sentence from the choices below.
According to your text, "Knowledge of what to eat is certainly a first step in influencing healthful food choices, |
but it is probably over rated. There are individuals who know what to eat and do not do it."
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The text defines effective communication between client and counselor with the following elements.
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Appropriate language, relationship, anxiety relief, memorable information and ability to provide feedback
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The three parts of an Interview discussed in your text are
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Opening, Exploration, Closing
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Your text lists six types of responses people use when interviewing clients or employees. They are
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Understanding, Probing, Confrontation, Evaluative, Hostile, Reassuring
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Of the six responses discussed in your text, which is generally not effective and why?
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The reassuring response because it could keep a client from working through feelings when the counselor suggests there is nothing to worry about.
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What would the likely outcome be for types of questions to use in an OPEN interview:
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Broad, provide great freedom in answers, time consuming
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What would the likely outcome be for types of questions to use in an CLOSED interview:
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Restrictive, limit answers, less time consuming
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What would the likely outcome be for types of questions to use in an PRIMARY interview:
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Introduces topics or new areas of discussion
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What would the likely outcome be for types of questions to use in an SECONDARY interview:
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Follow-up questions to elicit more information
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What would the likely outcome be for types of questions to use in an NEUTRAL interview:
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Does not suggest an answer or bias the client's response
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What would the likely outcome be for types of questions to use in an LEADING interview:
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Directs a client toward a response
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What would the likely outcome be for types of questions to use in an DIRECTIVE interview:
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A statement used to get information in place of using a question
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Reasons to master the skill of paraphrasing include
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To verify counselors understanding of the clients info. To verify that the client understood the counselors info. to elicit extra info vital to counslor effectiveness. to enable the client "to clear the slate" and prepare to solve problems.
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Likely areas for nutrition education for clients based on findings from the 2007 IFIC Food and Health Survey of Americ
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-recommended calories for ht and age.
-value of eating breakfast in managing a healthy weight -ways to manage portion control when eating out. |
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Describe Pre-contemplation
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unaware of the need to, under-aware of the need to, or resistant to making changes and has no plan to make changes
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Describe Contemplation
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aware that a problem exists and intends to do better - eventually
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Describe preparation
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More determined to make change and intends to take initial action soon
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Describe Action
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Actively involved in making changes
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describe Maintenance
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over a period of time is learning to stabilize the active changes being made
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Describe Relapse
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the response to a high risk situation that challenges your ability to maintain change.
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Proponents of the Health Belief Model recognize that
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people change behaviors depending on the balance they perceive between barriers and benefits to change
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the model used in behavioral assessment that considers cues to eating (antecedents) is called the
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ABC framework
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cognitive restructuring involves?
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Identifying misconceptions, testing their validity, and teaching new thinking patterns
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