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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Breathing Facts
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- 12 breaths/min
- 6 liters/min (When exercising, 100 liters/min) - 4-5 mins w/o air: unconscious - 7-8 mins w/o air: brain damage - 10 mins w/o air: death |
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Respiration Steps
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Pulmonary Ventilation (breathing) -> External Respiration (gas exchange: air/blood) -> Transport of respiratory gases (circulatory system) -> Internal Respiration (gas exchange: blood/cells)
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Functions of the Respiratory System
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- Gas exchange (O2 in and CO2 out)
- Sound production - Assistance in abdominal compression (urination, defecation, and childbirth) - Reflexive breathing (coughing and sneezing) |
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Conducting Zone of Respiratory System
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Transport air to the respiratory structures of the lung (warm, humid)
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Nose and Nasal Cavities (Conducting Zone)
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- Airway for respiration
- Warm, moisten, filter air - Smell - Resonating chamber (make voice louder) |
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Pharynx
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- Nasopharynx (behind nasal cavities to uvula)
- Oropharynx (uvula to epiglottis) - Laryngopharynx (epiglottis to voice box) - Functions: air and food transport; resonating chamber |
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Larynx
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-Thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
- Cricoid cartilage - Epiglottis (glottis) - Vestibular and vocal folds - Functions: Direction of food, fluid, air; sound protection |
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Sound Production
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- Vibration of the vocal folds
- Deeper voice = slower vibration - Slower vibration comes from thicker and longer folds |
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Trachea
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- C shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage (16-20 pieces)
- Functions: air conduction and cleansing - Always open, so the tube must be strong. This is why it is hyaline cartilage. - Lined with mucus membrane, and ciliated cells |
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Bronchial Tree
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- Right and left primary bronchi
- Secondary (lobar) bronchi - Tertiary (segmental) bronchi - 23 levels of tubes - Bronchioles - Terminal bronchioles - Function: Air conduction |
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Asthma
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- Results from little cartilage in bronchioles
- Smooth muscle spasms |
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Respiratory Zone
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- Alveolar ducts
- Alveolar sacs (look like bundles of grapes) - Pulmonary alveoli - Function: gas exchange - 300 million alveoli, surface area 1500 square feet |
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Alveolar Cells
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- Type I: Diffusion (simple squamous)
- Type II: Secrete surfactant (Prevents collapse, but helps recoil. Breaks surface tension) |
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Mechanics of Ventilation
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- Inspiration: increase volume, decrease pressure
- Expiration: decrease volume, increase pressure |
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Muscles involved in Inspiration
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- Diaphragm, external intercostals (when at rest)
- Scalenes, SCM |
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Muscles involved in Expiration
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- Elasticity of lungs (When at rest)
- Internal intercostals, abdominal muscles |
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Respiratory Volumes
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- Tidal volume (Air in and out of lungs in quiet breathing, ~500 mL)
- Incomplete exchange: about 5000 mL stays in the lungs - Vital capacity (Maximum air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation; about 4500 mL) - Total lung capacity (Total amount of air the lungs can hold; 6000 mL) |
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Nonrespiratory Air Movements
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- Not associated with pulmonary ventilation
- Coughing - Sneezing - Sighing - Yawning - Laughing - Crying - Hiccuping |
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Digestive System
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Prepares food for cellular utilization
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Digestive Processes
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- Ingestion: the taking of food into the mouth
- Propulsion (swallowing then peristalsis): Movement of food - Mechanical digestion: chewing, mixing w/ saliva, churning, segmentation - Chemical digestion: enzymatic breakdown of food molecules - Absorption: passage of molecules through the mucous membrane of the small intestine (blood/lymph) - Defecation: Discharge of indigestible wastes |
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Alimentary Canal/ GI Tract
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- Oral cavity pharynx
- Esophagus - Stomach - Small intestine - Large intestine |
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Accessory Digestive Organs
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- Teeth
- Tongue - Salivary glands - Liver - Gallbladder - Pancreas |
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Serous Membranes (Digestive System)
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- Parietal peritoneum (greater omentum, lesser omentum, mesocolon)
- Visceral peritoneum |
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Layers of the GI Tract
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- Mucosa
- Submucosa - Muscularis (externa) - Serosa |
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Mucosa (GI Tract)
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- Absorptive and Secretory
- Simple columnar epithelium (goblet cells) |
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Submucosa (GI Tract)
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Vascular connective tissue layer
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Muscularis (externa) (GI Tract)
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- Muscle (Circular and longitudinal layers)
- Pulverize, churn, peristalsis, and sphincters |
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Serosa (GI Tract)
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- Connective layer
- Binding and protective - Visceral peritoneum |
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Mouth
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- Oral cavity (Cheeks, lips, palate [hard and soft])
- Creation of a bolus by mechanical and chemical means (bolus: a moistened mass of food) |
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Tongue
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- Skeletal muscle (mucous membrane)
- Anterior 2/3 in oral cavity - Posterior 1/3 in pharynx - Moves food during chewing and swallowing - Papillae: friction bumps (filiform [touch not taste], fungiform [taste buds], vallate) |
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Salivary Glands
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- Saliva (cleanses food and dissolves teeth)
- 1.0 to 1.5 liters per day - Parotid (near ear) gland is the largest salivary gland - Submandibular - Sublingual |
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Teeth
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- Heterodont dentition (incisors, canines, premolars, molars)
- Diphyodont (20 deciduous teeth, 32 permanent teeth) - Dentin (bulk of tooth, is like bone but harder) - Enamel (hardest substance in the body) |
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Esophagus
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- Collapsible muscular tube (25 cm)
- Upper 1/3 is skeletal muscle - Middle 1/3 is mixed - Lower 1/3 is smooth |
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Stomach
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- Distensible, J shaped holding organ
- Food churned and combined with gastric secretions to form chyme (chyme is what bolus turns into) - Has a third layer of smooth muscle - Muscles: circular, longitudinal, oblique (innermost layer, unique to the stomach) - Mucosa (gastric pits and gastric glands; parietal cells make hydrochloric acid, chief cells make pepcinogen) |
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Small Intestine
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- Digestion completed and nutrients absorbed
- 3 m long and 2.4 cm wide (named for diameter, not length. About 1 inch diameter) - Duodenum: 25 cm long, duodenal papilla (common bile duct, pancreatic duct) - Jejunum (1 m long) - Ileum (2 m long) |
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Structural Modifications of Digestive System
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- Increased surface area: circular folds (plicae circulares), villi, microvilli, 1800 square feet
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Mechanical Activities of Small Intestine
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- Rhythmic segmentations (churning of chyme)
- Pendular movements (chyme movement back and forth - Peristalsis |
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Large Intestine
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- Receives undigested food from small intestine
- Absorbs water and electrolytes - Passes feces out of GI tract - 1.5 m long - 6.5 cm in diameter - Sphincters: internal anal (smooth muscle), external anal (skeletal muscle) |
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Appendicitis
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- Infection/inflammation of the appendix
- Pain in the right lower quadrant |
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Liver
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- Largest internal organ (1.4 kg, 3 lbs)
- Some call it a gland, so largest gland? - Synthesis, storage, and release (vitamins; carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) - Bile production (Over 500 functions) |
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Blood flow in Liver
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- Only 2 cells thick at any point
- Gets nutrient rich/oxygen poor blood from hepatic portal vein, hepatic arteries give oxygen rich blood that mixes with other nutrient rich blood |
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Gallbladder
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Stores bile
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Pancreas
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- Pancreatic enzymes (fat, sugars, and proteins)
- Sugar utilization - Islet cells (insulin and glucagon) - Both exocrine (outside to small intestine) and endocrine (inside to bloodstream) gland |
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Urinary System Function
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- Homeostasis
- Excretion of toxic nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid, creatine) - Other wastes (bacterial wastes, drugs) - Micturition = urination - Filtration of blood (kidneys receive 20-25% of cardiac output in resting condtions |
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Kidneys
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- Posterior wall of abdominal cavity
- T12-L3 - Retroperitoneal - Right kidney is 1.5-2 cm lower |
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Microscopic Structure of Kidney
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- Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney
- Uriniferous tubule = nephron + collecting duct - 1,000,000 nephrons per kidney |
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Mechanisms of Urine Production
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- Filtration (blood plasma, small proteins, salts go into glomerular capsule)
- Reabsorption - Secretion - Glomerular capsule is permeable, so smaller things leave blood and larger things stay. |
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Nephrons
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- Cortical (85%, located in cortex)
- Juxtamedullary (crosses into the medulla, right at the top of kidney; 15%; makes more concentrated urine) |
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Blood flow in the Kidney
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- Renal arteries
- Segmental arteries - Interlobar arteries - Arcuate arteries - Cortical radiate arteries (like spokes on a wheel) - Afferent (towards) glomerular arteriole - Glomerulus - Efferent (away) glomerular arteriole - Peritubular capillaries - Vasa recta (around the nephron loop) - Cortical radiate veins - Arcuate veins - Interlobar veins - Renal veins - Inferior vena cava |
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Ureters
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- 25 cm long tube
- 3 layers: mucosa (innermost; smooth, leakproof lining), muscularis (smooth muscle), adventitia (outermost) - Longitudinal muscle inside, circular outside |
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Urinary bladder
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- Storage sac (500 mL; shape changes, distensible)
- Layers: mucosa, muscularis, adventitia |
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Urethra
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- Tube that transfers urine from the bladder outside the body
- Internal urethral sphincter - External urethral sphincter - (In Males) Divisions: prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra. Functions in both reproductive and urinary systems in males. |
