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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inhibition of inhibitory neuron is called _
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DISINHIBITION
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Neostriatum is _
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Caudate nucleus + Putamen
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Lentiform nuclei are _
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Putamen + Globus Pallidus
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Neostriatum + Lentiform nuclei (caudate nucleus, globus pallidus and putamen ) are called
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Corpus striatum
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Diencephalon structure associated with basal nuclei
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Subthalamic nucleus
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Midbrain structure associated with basal nuclei
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Substantia nigra
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Caudate nucleus follows _ and is directly continuous with _
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LATERAL VENTRICLES
PUTAMEN |
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80% of striatal neurons are _ that release _
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SPINY CELLS
GABA and neuropeptides |
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10% of striatal neurons are _ that release _
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Aspiny large type II neurons
Ach |
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Striosomes are patches that contain _ , receive input from _ and project on _
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GABA, substance P and enkephalinergic neurons
Prefrontal lobe and limbic cortex Substantia nigra pars compacta |
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_ neurons are the only efferent neurons of striatum - they have _ effect
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GABAnergic
INHIBITORY |
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Stiffness throughout ROM is called _
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RIGIDITY
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Velocity dependent stiffness on passive stretch is called _
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SPASTICITY
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Lead pipe vs Cogwheel rigidity
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Lead pipe - difficulty over entire ROM
Cogwheel - lead pipe rigidity + tremor |
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Dance like movements seen in Huntingtons are called _
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CHOREA
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Snake like movements seen in Huntingtons are called _
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ATHETOSIS
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Involuntary ballistic rapid movements are called _
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BALLISMUS
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Sustained involuntary contraction of muscles (like torticollis ) is called _
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DYSTONIA
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Extreme slowness in movements (seen in Parkinsons)
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BRADYKINESIA
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Genetic disorder that results in dementia and chorea is _
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HUNTINGTONS
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IN HUNTINGTONS abnormal movements affect _ first
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HANDS
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If you ordered MRI on patient with Huntingtons what would you see - what does it affect
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Gross wasting of caudate and putamen - affects GABAnergic and enkephalinergic outflow
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What type of disorder is HUNTINGTONS
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HYPERKINETIC
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Which basal ganglia pathway is damaged in Huntingtons and what is the result
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INDIRECT PATHWAY (usually inhibitory for cortex ) - results in over excitation of cortex and leads to hyperkinetic disorder
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Disease characterized by rigidity, bradykinesia and tremor is _
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PARKINSONS
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What type of tremor is in PARKINSONS
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RESTING
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What defect of basal ganglia is PARKINSONS associated with
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Loss of pigmented DA neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta
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Which basal ganglia pathway is damaged in Parkinsons
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DIRECT - overall effect of inhibition of the cortex - results in hypoactive disorder
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Copper metabolism disease that is characterized by copper deposits around iris is called _
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WILSONS
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Wilsons disease results in degeneration of which part of basal ganglia
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PUTAMEN
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Is Wilsons disease hyper or hypokinetic
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HYPERKINETIC
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Name therapy used in patients with basal ganglia disorders
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DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION
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Part of motor system responsible for reflexes
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Spinal cord and brainstem
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Part of motor system responsible for planning and initiation
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Cortex and basal nuclei
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Part of motor system responsible for fine tuning and coordination
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CEREBELLUM
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Intrafusal fibers of skeletal muscle are _
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Muscle spindles
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2 types of fibers within muscle spindle
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Nuclear bag fibers
Nuclear chain fibers |
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Which part of muscle spindle is contractile and which is non contractile
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Central bag like portion - NON CONTRACTILE
Distal portion - CONTRACTILE |
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2 types of nuclear bag fibers in muscle spindle
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Dynamic - register rate of change
Static - register change |
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Each muscle spindle has two _ and about 5 _
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BAG FIBERS (one dynamic and one static)
CHAIN FIBERS |
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There are two types of sensory axons that innervated central (non-contractile ) portion of muscle spindle _
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Primary group Ia
Secondary group II |
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Group IA fibers innervate _
Cell bodies in _ Form _ endings Synapse on _ |
Bag and chain fibers
DRG Annulospiral endings Synapse - V, VI (interneurons), VII (inhibitory interneurons), IX (alpha motor neurons) |
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Group II fibers innnervate _
Cell bodies in _ Form _ endings Synapse on _ |
Innervate STATIC bag and all chain fibers
Cell bodies - DRG Flower spray endings Synapse - lamina IX, IV-VI |
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Places tension on sensory part of muscle spindle (this part cannot contract but rather can be stretched)
This can be accomplished with activity along _ neurons |
Contraction of intrafusal fibers
GAMMA MOTOR |
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Spindles are arranged _ to extrafusal fibers
Receptors of nuclear bag and chain are in _ |
PARALLEL
IN SERIES |
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Tension in receptor portion of muscle spindle can be increased by _ thereby activating _
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Putting tension on muscle
Ia and II fibers |
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Golgi tendon organs are usually found in TENDONS - T/F
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False - GTO'S are usually not found in tendons but at the junction of tendon and muscle
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What type of fibers are in GTO's
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Ib
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What produces increase in activity of Ib axons
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Increasing load on muscle and thus GTO
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Ib axons have cell bodies in _
Synapse in _ Innervate _ |
Cell bodies - DRG
Synapse - lamina V-VII Innervate - inhibitory interneurons |
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When muscle is stretched _ fibers fire at increased rate as long as its stretched. This is called _ response
Some Ia fibers fire with a burst of AP's at onset - this is called _ response |
Ia and II
STATIC Dynamic |
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ISOTONIC CONTRACTION involves only activation of _ fibers so muscle shortens under constant load but contractile portion of spindle does not shorten since there is no drive to _ fibers. As a result of extrafusal contraction muscle spindle _ and activity of _ fibers is decreased (tension is relieved in spindle)
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ALPHA
GAMMA COLLAPSES Ia and II |
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Define isometric contraction
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There is increase in tension but length remains unchanged
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In ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION there is no change in _ so spindle is not _ and there is no change in _ firing. Instead tension is transfered to _ and activates _ fibers
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LENGTH
UNDER TENSION Ia and II fibers GTO Ib fibers |
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Fusiform contraction involves activity of _ neurons and isometric contraction of _
This increases firing of _ |
BOTH alpha and gamma neurons
Contractile portion of muscle spindle Ia and II axons |
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Damage to sensory endings of muscle spindle leads to _
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JERKY MOVEMENTS - spindle functions as dampening mechanism
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MUSCLE STRETCH REFLEX
Stretching muscle results in depolarization of _ --> Results in increase in activity of _ fibers --> In spinal cord some of these primary sensory axons influence _ neurons --> Results in activation of those neurons and subsequent contraction of the muscle |
Nuclear bag and chain fibers
Ia and II fibers Alpha motor |
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Muscle stretch reflex is an example of _ pathway
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MONOSYNAPTIC
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In muscle stretch reflex which muscle gets contracted
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Same - SYNERGISTIC MUSCLE
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In muscle stretch reflex what is inhibited - this is example of _ pathway
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Alpha motor neurons of antagonistic muscles
POLYSYNAPTIC |
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In muscle stretch reflex _ neurons are minimally involved
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II group
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In clasp knife reflex you stretch muscle during contraction - this causes excessive load and activates _ which increases activity of _ fibers and muscle _
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GTO
Ib fibers COLLAPSES |
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Deltoid reflex level
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C5
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Biceps reflex level
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C5-C6
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Brachioradialis reflex level
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C5-C6
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Triceps reflex level
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C7-C8
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Quadriceps reflex level
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L4
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Tibialis anterior reflex level
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L5
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Achilles tendon reflex level
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S1
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Muscle stretch reflex can be _
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Normal
Hyperactive Hypoactive |
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UMN cell bodies are located in _
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CEREBRAL CORTEX or BRAINSTEM
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Do UMN's innervate muscles
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NO - DO NOT directly innervate skeletal muscles
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Damage to UMNs results in _ of muscle stretch reflex
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INCREASE
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LMN's cell bodies are located in _
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Anterior horn of spinal cord or brainstem
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What do LMN's innervate
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SKELETAL MUSCLE DIRECTLY
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When damaged LMN's leads to _ of muscle stretch reflex
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DECREASE
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Which conditions results in decrease in muscle stretch reflex
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Peripheral neuropathy
Compression injury Tabes Dorsalis Polio Myasthenia gravis Muscular dystrophy Damage to LMN's |
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Voluntary motor commands are issued from _
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Cerebral cortex
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Group II afferents facilitate which muscles
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Extensors and flexors
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For muscle spindles to work properly there needs to be co-activation of _
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Alpha and gamma motor neurons
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Approximately 1/3 of motor fibers are _
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Gamma motor neurons
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With activation of _ fibers spindle contracts --> increase in Ia and II firing --> activates _ neurons --> muscle contracts
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Gamma fibers
Alpha motor neurons |
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ACTIVITY _ CAN ALTER MUSCLE TONE
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GAMMA MOTOR NEURONS
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Slow twitch fatigue resistant fibers are innervated by _
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Small alpha motor neurons
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Fast twitch fatigue susceptible fibers are innervated by _
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Large alpha motor neurons
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In execution of movement _ motor neurons are activated first - this ensures that _ muscles are engaged first
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SMALL ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS
Slow twitch fatigue resistant |
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Describe spinal shock
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Following trauma or transection of the spinal cord all functions are depressed - after several weeks cord regains excitability and usually becomes hyperexcitable
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Signs of spinal shock
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Areflexia
Decrease in arterial blood pressure Loss of bladder/colon control |
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Earliest sign of muscle denervation
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Appearance of fasciculations (muscle twitching) by injury potentials
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Uncoordinated contractions of muscles that ARE NOT visible and can be only detected by EMG are called _
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FIBRILLATIONS
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Name descending motor pathways
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Corticospinal and corticonuclear
Rubrospinal Reticulospinal Vestibulospinal Tectospinal |
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Which pathways constitute entire voluntary cortical drive to brainstem and spinal cord
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Corticospinal
Corticonuclear |
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Corticonuclear and corticospinal tracts arise from which areas of cerebral cortex
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Primary motor cortex
Premotor and Supplemental motor cortex Primary somatosensory cortex Posterior parietal cortex |
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CNT and CST begins in _ --> enter _ --> go through _ --> pass _ --> travel through _ in medulla --> and end up in _
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Cortex
Posterior limb of internal capsule Middle 1/3 of crus cerebri Basilar pons Pyramids Lateral funiculus of spinal cord |
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90% of axons of CNT and CST cross where
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Decussation of pyramids
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Motor nuclei of cranial nerves are usually bilateral EXCEPT
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Nucleus ambiguus
Facial Hypoglossal Spinal accessory |
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Ipsilateral terminations of CNT and CST are in _
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Red nucleus
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Bilateral terminations of CNT and CST are in _
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Reticular formation
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90% of axons of corticospinal tract cross midline and become _
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LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
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10% of axons of corticospinal tract stay ipsilateral and become _
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ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
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Synapses in corticospinal tract occur mainly on _
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INTERNEURONS
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Major input to red nucleus is from _
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Basal nuclei
Cerebral cortex Cerebellum |
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Axons of rubrospinal tract derive from _ and immediately decussate in _
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Magnocellular area of red nucleus
Ventral tegmental decussation |
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Which muscles are controlled by rubrospinal tract
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Distal muscles used in fine precise movements
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