Neuroscience - Memory

Front 1

What is declarative memory?

Back 1

memories that can be accessed for conscious relocation conscious recollection.

Front 2

What is procedural memory?

Back 2

Memories that do not require conscious recollection including habits.

Front 3

What is short term memory?

Back 3

last for a few minuets and is easily disturbed- involved in the mental rehearsal (first stages of learning telephone number)

Front 4

What is long-term memory?

Back 4

more permanent than long term memory, does not require continual rehearsal, greater capacity quite resistant to disturbance. (family telephone number)

Front 5

What is working memory?

Back 5

Different types of information held in short-term store, can be new sensory information or retrieved information from long term store.

Front 6

What is Amnesia? 4 examples of what could cause it?

Back 6

Memory loss due to brain insult: concussion,chronic alcoholism, tumours, stroke.

Front 7

What is Retrograde amnesia?

Back 7

Loss of memory of events prior to trauma

Front 8

What is anterograde amnesia?

Back 8

Loss of memory of events after trauma

Front 9

What is transient global amnesia?

Back 9

Short term Retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia (few minuets to days)

Front 10

What is "some" amnesias?

Back 10

Small interruptions of blood flow - no perminat brain damage

Front 11

What is memory consolidation?

Back 11

Short term memory being turned into a long term memory.

Front 12

What is dissociated amnesia?

Back 12

Amnesia not associated with any other cognitive deficit.

Front 13

What is the physical representation of a memory?

Back 13

engram (memory trace)

Front 14

What was the method and conclusion (brief) for Lashley 1920?

Back 14

Rats-maze-food reward-cortical lesion. Unaffected by place (incorrect), but effected by size - memories are distributed (correct).

Front 15

In 1994 what did Hebb suggest?

Back 15

That memory is distributed within cell-asemblys. Memory related to specific sensory modality may be stored within that related cortex.

Front 16

What is the inferotemporal cortex?

Back 16

higher-order visual area-lesion here in monkey damage visual object discrimination though visual capacity to interact. IT neurones respond to faces in monkeys.

Front 17

WHat did Kluver and Bucy prove?

Back 17

Monkeys with lesions in their temporal lobes shoed 'psychic blindness' (put same inedible objects in their mouth)

Front 18

Describe patient HM.

Back 18

to treat epilepsy he had a bilateral temporal lobe resection (epilepsy discharge from temporal lobes) -now partial retrograde amnesia (can remember childhood=retrievel mechanisms must be undamaged), short term memory normal (6 digit remembered-with constant uninterrupted rehearsal), Procedural memory is normal. Profound anterograde amnesia.

Front 19

What is a delayed non-match to sample? (DMNS)

Back 19

test of recognition of objects seen recently (seconds to minuets)

Front 20

In Mishkin how did bilateral medial temporal lesions in monkeys effect their DMNS?

Back 20

severely impaired with >15 sec. Short term memory quite good. Procedural memory quite good.

Front 21

What did patient HM have removed?

Back 21

temporal lobe cortex-rhinal and perirhinal cortex, amygdala, anterior hippocampus.

Front 22

What tests recognition memory?

Back 22

DNMS

Front 23

What are the critical structures in medial temporal lobe amnesia?

Back 23

It was thought that it was the amygdala and the anterior hippocampus, but now believed to be rhinal and perirhinal cortex

Front 24

What parts of the diencephalon are important for memory?

Back 24

Anterior/dorsal nuclei of the thalamus + mammillary body of hypothalamus.

Front 25

What pathway originates in the hippocampus?

Back 25

Hippocampus>fornix>mammillary body>anterior nucleus of the thalamus>cingulate cortex

Front 26

What pathway originates in the temporal lobe cortex?

Back 26

Temporal lobe cortex>amygdala>dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus>prefrontal cortex

Front 27

Describe case N.A?

Back 27

fencing foil right nostril>midline thalamus (left dorsomedial thalamus)>anterograde amnesia + retrograde amnesia for 2 year before the incident. Strong similarities point to H.M. suggest relationship with temporal lobe/diencephalon connections.

Front 28

What element of memory have studies suggested the hippocampus is particularly involved with?

Back 28

Spatial memory

Front 29

What part of the hippocampus code for location in the environment?

Back 29

the 'place cells'

Front 30

Describe the physiology of 'Place cells'?

Back 30

Activity depends on location in environment
New place fields form in new environment
Medial temporal areas project to cortical association areas.

Front 31

Where does the prefrontal cortex get its inputs?

Back 31

Temporal lobe via dorsal medial nucleus thalamus.

Front 32

Whats the effect of prefrontal cortex lesions in humans and monkeys?

Back 32

Monkeys-do badly delayed response task, humans-deficits in working memory for problem solving.

Front 33

What part of the brain is learned fear dependent on?

Back 33

amygdala

Front 34

How are memories stored in networks of neurones?

Back 34

long lasting increases or decreases in synaptic potentials. long term potentiation and long term depression can be seen at a variety of CNS synapse.

Front 35

What goes wrong in the memory of patents with Alzheimers and Dementia?

Back 35

widespread damage and loss of neurones including forebrain and hippocampus-inportant for declarative memory.