Humanities/neuroscience Midterm

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Mark Haddon

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Wrote "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time"

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Cognitive

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Referring to mental processes of perception, memory, judgment and reasoning

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Transcription

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Copying of DNA

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Splicing

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Split of RNA into protein and micro RNA

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Central Dogma of Biology

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DNA --> RNA --> Protein

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Translation

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RNA --> Protein

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Auxipital Lobe

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Related to visual recognition

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Prosopagnosia

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Failure to recognize faces, often caused by a stroke

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Developmental Prosopagnosia

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First Medical Condition discovered on the web, usually caused by defective gene the person is born with

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Gaze

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Both eyes move together in the same direction

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Direct Gaze

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Looking directly into eyes, which triggers emotion part of the brain

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Paul Ekman

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Compiled list of all possible facial expressions into the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

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Micro Emotions

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Go by in less than a second

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The Origin of Emotions

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1. Action 2. Memory 3. Self Generated

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Mirror Neurons

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Seeing someone perform an action triggers same neurons as when you do it

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Agency

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The cause of something

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Mnesmosyne

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Memory in Classic Greek mythology; gave birth to the muses (Art and Music)

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Language and the Brain

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Front and back control language while the middle controls the prosody of language (intonation)

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Binding

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Assembling of visual images such as color and shape

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Ciego de Nacimiento

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Meaning "Blind from Birth"

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One Hundred Years of Solitude

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By Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Rebecca is first victim, takes place in town of Macondo, amnesia as leprosy reversed, gypsy (rep. memory) brings a curing potion and early type of photography

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The Last Hippie

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By Oliver Sacks, Greg's amnesia caused by untreated brain tumor, blindness, his frontal lobes were damaged

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Phineas Gage

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Known as patient "0" of neuroscience, who had a tool go through his brain in 1840's. He appeared fine but personality was altered

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H.M. (Henry Gustav Molaison)

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Had intractable epilepsy (not responding to treatment), William Scoville removed temporal lobe structures which effected memory but diminished seizures to 2 a year. Had some retrograde, but mostly anterograde amnesia.

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Anterograde Amnesia

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Inability to create new memories

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Retrograde Amnesia

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Failure to remember things from before accident or surgery

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M.C.I.

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Mild Cognitive Impairment, associated with Alzheimer's

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Evaluation for Alzheimer's

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1. Consult neurologist 2. Family History 3. Personal exam 4. blood test 5. Brain scan

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Methods of Early Detection of Alzheimer's

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1. Serial Neuropsychological test 2. Brain Imaging 3. Biomarkers 4. Genetic Testing

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2 things that reveal Alzheimer's

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1. Neurofibrillary tangles (located inside the Neuron) 2. Amyloid plaques. Both only visible by examining brain of the dead

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Amygdala

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Important part of brain for emotion

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Hippocampus

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Important part of the brain for memory, also deals with inhibition and space, sea horse shaped

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How is Beta Amyloid Plaque formed?

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2 enzymes cut the protein (APP Molecule) and the pieces lump together

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P.I.B.

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Also known as the Pittsburg Compound, low level of radioactivity that allow amyloid plaque to be seen in the living

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Biomarkers

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something you can measure from the body such as blood that warn of disease. Spinal fluid from lower back may be potential marker for Alzheimer's

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Away from Here

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Movie focusing on relationship affected by Alzheimer's, Describes Fiona and Grant who were together 44 years, but after 1 month she doesn't remember him

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Iris

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Film depicting life of writer Iris Murdoch and husband John Bayley. Memory, personality, and language all become devistated as she becomes increasingly brutal and animalistic

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Autosomal Dominant Trait

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On every chromosome besides sex chromosome, 50% of the offspring will have it

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Chromosome 21

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App Mutation

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Chromosome 19

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Polymorphism

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Chromosome 14

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Presenilin 1 Mutation

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Chromosome 1

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Presenilin 2 Mutation

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Penetrant Gene

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If this gene is present, the disease will appear (ex Chromosome 21, 14, and 1)

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Risk Factor

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Not necessarily going to get the disease from this gene (ex Chromosome 19)

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Antioquia

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Region in Columbia with large number of Alzheimer's in certain families (all having presenilin 1 mutation)

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Beyond the Pleasure Principle

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Written by Freud

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Reality Principle

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Compels one to differ instant gratification due to obstacles of reality

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Death Drive

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Reaching out to the environment isd accompanied by desire to pull back to a safe zone, desire to return to non existence

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Cordical Activity

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Information and ideas about the trauma occurring after the reactions of the brain and body, occasionally shuts down to disassociate mind from experience, creating gaps in memory

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Language and trauma

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Verbal tags are often not attached to trauma memories, so they can't be retrieved. Language allows trauma to join the rest of the episodic memory (You know it happened but also know it isn't happening now)

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Adieu

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By Honore de Balzac, on trauma caused by war, Stephanie's madness caused by Russian war, Phillipe attempts to cure her by restaging the trauma which momentarily works but then she dies. He later commits suicide (Can't deal with own trauma), Madness as a metaphor (Rep. breakdown of Napoleon regime)

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The Representational Cure

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Early psychiatric therapy using fear to shock patients into sanity

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Mrs Dalloway

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By Virginia Wolf, Septimus (who is shellshocked) kills himself because he refuses to be institutionalized

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Jorge Luis Borges

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Memory vs. Thought, he was blind causing an inward turn, wrote "ficciones" "el aleph" "historia de la eternidad" (Mostly short stories that raised big questions)

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Funes

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Indian with prodigious memory written about by Borges, almost can't think/sleep do to augmented memory. Linguistic prodigy, infinity of forms, own numerical system (Random words associated withevery number), no thought (just detail)

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Stephen Witshire

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Case study by Oliver Sacks exploring ideason nature of artistic creativity and autistic artists, Stephen has mental, social, physical and emotional disabilities, but can draw any landscape from memory

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Translant Global Amnesia

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Lasts about 7 hours, once in lifetime event over age of 50, could be caused by sex, stress, genes, remembered things for 3 minutes before they looped, memory came back slowly over 3 hours, lost eposodic memory but kept emotional memory

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Episodic Memory

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Temporal lobes, hyppocampus, Memory of recent occurrences and events

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Semantic Memory

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Responsible for long term storage, such as meaning of words

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Procedural Memory

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Responsible for motor system, skills

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Working Memory

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Responsible for spacial relationships

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Leo Kanner

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1st defined autism along with Hans Asperger

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Theory of the Mind

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Ability to infer metal states of others

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Assortative Mating

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Mating with those who have same trait to increase chance in child

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Kim Peek

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Inspiration for "Rain Man", Had Macrocephaly (Large Head) and Corpus Callosum Missing

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Corpus Callosum

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Connects two halfs of the brain