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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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learning
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process of aquiring new information , behavior patterns, or abilities, characterized by modifications of behavior as a result of pratice, study, experience
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memory
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1. ability to retain information, based on the mental process of learning or encoding, retention across some interval of time, and retrieval or reactivation of the memory
2. the specific information that is stored in the brain |
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patient HM
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a patient who, bc of damage to medial temporal lobe structures, is unable to encode new declarative memories
suffers from amnesia after brain surgery |
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amnesia
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severe impairment of memory
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retrograde amnesia
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difficulty in retrieving memories formed before the onset of amnesia
loss of memories formed before a particular event after brain trauma or surgery |
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anterograde amnesia
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inability to form new memories beginning with the onset of a disorder (after the onset of illness)
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short term memory
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considered to last only about 30s, or as long as a person rehearses the material , it holds only a limited bumber of items
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long term memory
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an enduring form that lasts hours, days, weeks, or longer
it has a very large capacity |
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herpes simplex virus
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destroys tissue in the medial temperal lobe
destruction can produce a severe failure to form new long term memories, although aquisition of short term memories is normal |
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ischemia
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loss or reduction of blood supply to the brain
can be produced by stroke or heart attack and can damage the medial temporal lobe and memory formation |
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learning
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process of aquiring new information , behavior patterns, or abilities, characterized by modifications of behavior as a result of pratice, study, experience
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memory
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1. ability to retain information, based on the mental process of learning or encoding, retention across some interval of time, and retrieval or reactivation of the memory
2. the specific information that is stored in the brain |
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patient HM
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a patient who, bc of damage to medial temporal lobe structures, is unable to encode new declarative memories
suffers from amnesia after brain surgery |
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amnesia
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severe impairment of memory
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retrograde amnesia
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difficulty in retrieving memories formed before the onset of amnesia
loss of memories formed before a particular event after brain trauma or surgery |
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anterograde amnesia
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inability to form new memories beginning with the onset of a disorder (after the onset of illness)
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short term memory
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considered to last only about 30s, or as long as a person rehearses the material , it holds only a limited bumber of items
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long term memory
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an enduring form that lasts hours, days, weeks, or longer
it has a very large capacity |
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herpes simplex virus
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destroys tissue in the medial temperal lobe
destruction can produce a severe failure to form new long term memories, although aquisition of short term memories is normal |
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ischemia
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loss or reduction of blood supply to the brain
can be produced by stroke or heart attack and can damage the medial temporal lobe and memory formation |
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declarative memory
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facts and information acquired through learning
it is memory we are aware of accessing, which we can declare to others memory that can be stated or described deals with what difference between animals and humans lies in difficulty measure declarative memory in animals |
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nondeclarative memory or procedural memory
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memory about perceptual or motor procedures
memory that is shown by perfomance rather than by conscious recollection deals with how ( mirror tracing in HM patient) |
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direct tests of memory
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refer to a specific prior episode
defined as aquiring conscious recognition of material aka repeat the list of words you studied ten minutes ago |
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indirect tests of memory
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(implicit tests)
do not refer to a specific prior episode and do not require conscious recognition memory is inferred from performance |
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patient NA
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unable to encode new declarative memories
amnesia caused by damage to the dorsal thalamus and the mammillary bodies shows normal short-term memory but is impaired in forming declarative (but not procedural) long-term memories damage to diencephalon ( along with temporal region= larger memory system ) |
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Korsakoff's syndrome
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memory disorder, related to thiamine (vitamin) diefiecieny, that is generally associated with choronic alcoholism
fail to recall items/events of the past deny anything is wrong with them and show disorientation to time and place |
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confabulate
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to fill in a gap in memory with falsification
often seen in Korsakoff's syndrom |
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damage of Korsakoff's syndrome
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temporal lobe structures=intact
shrunken, diseased mammillary bodies, damage to dorsomedial thalamus (damage similar to that seen in patient NA) and damage to the basal frontal lobes (cause of denial and confabulation) |
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semantic memory
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generalized memory- knowing the meaning of a word without knowing where or when you learned the word
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episodic memory
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autobiographical memory that pertains to a persons particular history
memory or a particular incident or a particular time and place ex remember the where and when you last saw a certain friend may be lost with anterior cortical damage (not hippocampus damage) |
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patient KC
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a patient who sustained damage to the cortex that renders him unable to form and retrieve new episodic memories
damage to the frontal-parietal and right parietal-occipital cortex and severe shrinkage of the hippocampus can no longer retrieve any personal memories of his past |
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skill learning
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learning to perform a task that requires motor coordination
(mirror tracing) |
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priming
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repetition priming
phenomenon by whice exposure to a stimulus facilitates subsequent responses to the same or a similar stimulus change in the processing of a stimulus, usually a word or a picture, as a result of prior exposure to the same stimulus or related stimuli |
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conditioning
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form of learning in which an organism comes to associate two stimuli or a stimulus and a response
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cognitive map
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a mental representation of a spatial relationship
rats in maze |
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latent learning
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learning that has taken place, but not yet been demonstrated by performance
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damage of Korsakoff's syndrome
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temporal lobe structures=intact
shrunken, diseased mammillary bodies, damage to dorsomedial thalamus (damage similar to that seen in patient NA) and damage to the basal frontal lobes (cause of denial and confabulation) |
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semantic memory
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generalized memory- knowing the meaning of a word without knowing where or when you learned the word
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episodic memory
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autobiographical memory that pertains to a persons particular history
memory or a particular incident or a particular time and place ex remember the where and when you last saw a certain friend may be lost with anterior cortical damage (not hippocampus damage) |
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patient KC
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a patient who sustained damage to the cortex that renders him unable to form and retrieve new episodic memories
damage to the frontal-parietal and right parietal-occipital cortex and severe shrinkage of the hippocampus can no longer retrieve any personal memories of his past |
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skill learning
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learning to perform a task that requires motor coordination
(mirror tracing) |
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priming
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repetition priming
phenomenon by whice exposure to a stimulus facilitates subsequent responses to the same or a similar stimulus change in the processing of a stimulus, usually a word or a picture, as a result of prior exposure to the same stimulus or related stimuli |
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conditioning
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form of learning in which an organism comes to associate two stimuli or a stimulus and a response
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cognitive map
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a mental representation of a spatial relationship
rats in maze |
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latent learning
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learning that has taken place, but not yet been demonstrated by performance
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mutiple trace hypothesis
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a given memory is encoded in different ways at different times after a learning process
classifies different types of memory by duration |
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ionic memories
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brief type of memory that stores the sensory impression of a scene
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short term memories (STMs)
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form of memory that usually only lasts for a second or as long as rehearsal continues
lack of agreement on defn or short and long term memory |
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intermediate term memory (ITM)
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form of memory that lasts long than short term memory, but not as long a long-term memory
far from being permanant ex: remember where you parked your car today, but maybe not the two days ago |
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long term memory (LTM)
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an enduring form of memory that lasts up to years and has a very large capacity
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primacy effect
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the superior performance seen in memory tasks for intems at the start of a list , usually attributed to long term memory
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receny effect
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superior performance seenin memory tasks for items at hte end of a list, attributed to short term memory
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memory trace
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a persistant change in the brain that reflects the storage of memory
record laid down in memory, presumabyl in the central nervous system memories do not deteriorate with disuse activated during recall, it is subject to changes and fluctuations, so with successive activations it may deviate more and more from its original form |
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delayed non-matching-to-sample task
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a test in which the subject must respond to unfamiliar stimulus of a pair
method for testing declarative memory in monkeys test of object recognition memory (which object wasnt there before) monkeys with damage to the medial temperal lobe had a hard time |
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visual paired comparision task
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task originally devised for testing human infants, that measures an individual's tendency to look at a novel object in comparison with a familiar one
normal patients want to inspect novel object (hard for monkeys with lesion of temperal lobe) |
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main features (attributes) of memory
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space, time, sensory perception, response and affect (emotional tone or content)
see figure on page 527 |
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working memory
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(short term memory)
a buffer that holds memories available for ready access during performance of a task |
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dissociation
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the loss of one function with damage to the brain region A but not B, and the loss of a different function with damage to brain region B but not A
different aspects of working memory are processed separately |
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place cells
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a neuron within the hippocampus that selectively fires when the animal is in a particular location
spatial memory related to hippocampus |
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encoding
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stage in memory formation in which the information entering sensory channels is passed into short-term memory
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consolidation
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stage of memory fomration in which information in short term or intermediate term memory is transferred to long term memory
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retrieval
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a process in memory during which a stored memory is used by an organism
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sensory organ
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organ specialized to recieve particular stimuli
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stimulus
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physical even that triggers a sensory response
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receptor cells
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(within organ) specialized cell that responds to a particular energy or substance in the external or internal environement, and converts this energy into a chnage in electrical potential across its membrane
enourmous diversity specialized to detect particular energies or chemicals transducers some receptor cells have axons and other dont, but stimulate an associated nerve ending either mechanically or chemically structure of cell determines form of energy |
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adequate sitmulus
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type of stimulus for which a given snesory organ is particulary adapted
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specific nerve energies
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doctrine that receptors and neural channels for different senses are independent and operate in their own special ways and can produce only one particular sensation (each use different nerve energies)
eye stimulation always resutls iin same sensation, vision |
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labeled lines
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nerve input to the brain reports only a particular type of info (particular nerve cell= labeled for a distinctive experience)
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sensory transduction
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process in which a receptor cell converts the energy in a stimulus into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane
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generator potential
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local change in resting potential of a receptor cell that mediates between the impacts of stimuli and the intitiation of nerve impulses
steps bewtween arrival fo energy at receptor cell and inititaion of action potentials, involve local changes in membrane graded potential |
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Pacinian corpuscle
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receptor cell, skin, that detects vibration
axon surrounded by concentric layers of tissue (onion) mechanical stimuli graded electrical potential with an amplitude that is directly proportional to the strength of the stimulus |
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process of excitatory event in pacinian corpuscle
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1. mechanical stimulation deforms corpuscle
2. deformation leads to mechanical stretch of tip of axon 3. stretching axon opens mechanically gated ion channels in the membrane, allow Na+ ions to enter 4. generator potential reaches threshold amplitude, axon produces one or more action potentials |
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coding
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the rules by which action potentials in a sensory system reflect a physical stimulus
pattern of electrical activity must convey info about original stimulus |
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range fractionation
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hypothesis of stimulus intensity perception stating that a wide range of intensity values can be encoded by a group of cells, each of which is specialist for a particular range of stimulus intensities
requires an array of receptors and nerve cells that differ in threshold fire |
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soomatosensory
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body sensation, referring to touch and pain sensation
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map of nerves
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reflects both position and receptor density
more cells allocated to the spatial rep of sensitive densely innervated sites |
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adaptation
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the progressive loss of receptor sensitivity as stimulation is maintained
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tonic receptors
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show a slow or nonexistant decline in frequency of action potentials as stimulation is maintained
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phasic receptors
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rapidly decreasing frequency of action potentials when stimulation is maintained
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sensory pathway
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chain of neural connections from sensory receptor cells to cortex
cortex= where most complex aspects fo sensory processing takes place |
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thalamus (sensory)
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for most senses info goes here before being relayed to the cortex (info from each modality sent to diff divisions of thalamus)
top of brain stem |
