Neuroscience 3050 Exam 1

Front 1

This level of the nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

Back 1

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Front 2

This level of the nervous system is composed of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Divided into Somatic and Autonomic. (Autonomic is further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic).

Back 2

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 3

A collection of neurons within the brain or spinal cord and therefore, within the central nervous system.

Back 3

Nucleus

Front 4

Structures which are composed of thousands of neurons and are located outside of the central nervous system.

Back 4

Ganglia

Front 5

In a quadruped or in a biped below the diencephalic flexure, this is the term meaning towards the back (spine).

Back 5

Dorsal or Posterior

Front 6

In a quadruped or in a biped below the diencephalic flexure, this is the term meaning towards the front (abdomen).

Back 6

Ventral or Anterior

Front 7

In a quadruped or in a biped below the diencephalic flexure, this is the term meaning towards the head.

Back 7

Rostral

Front 8

In a quadruped or in a biped below the diencephalic flexure, this is the term meaning towards the rear (tail).

Back 8

Caudal

Front 9

In a biped above the diencephalic flexure, this the the term meaning towards the back of the skull.

Back 9

Caudal

Front 10

In a biped above the diencephalic flexure, this the the term meaning towards the front (eyes).

Back 10

Rostral

Front 11

In a biped above the diencephalic flexure, this the the term meaning towards the top of the skull.

Back 11

Dorsal

Front 12

In a biped above the diencephalic flexure, this the the term meaning towards the feet.

Back 12

Ventral

Front 13

Name this plane.

Back 13

Transverse or Horizontal

Front 14

Name this plane.

Back 14

Sagittal

Front 15

Name this plane.

Back 15

Coronal

Front 16

Name this major subdivision of the brain.

Back 16

Cerebellum

Front 17

Name this major subdivision of the brain.

Back 17

Medulla

Front 18

Name this major subdivision of the brain.

Back 18

Pons ("Bridge")

Front 19

Name this major subdivision of the brain.

Back 19

Midbrain

Front 20

Name this major subdivision of the brain which includes the thalamus and hypothalamus.

Back 20

Diencephalon

Front 21

Name this major subdivision of the brain which includes the cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei.

Back 21

Telencephalon or Forebrain

Front 22

"Bumps" on the brain which usually indicate the location of underlying nuclei or fiber tracts.

Back 22

Gyri (or Hillocks, Tubercles, Colliculi, Peduncles, Brachium, Eminence)

Front 23

"Grooves" on the brain which divide brain into different regions or represent a midline division of the brain.

Back 23

Sulci or Fissures

Front 24

Name of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord.

Back 24

Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.

Front 25

Two of the specializations arising from the pia mater.

Back 25

Denticulate ligaments and filum terminale.

Front 26

The outer most meningeal layer. This layer is dense, thick, hard and largely inflexible.

Back 26

Dura mater (hard mother)

Front 27

The middle meningeal layer. It is composed of a smooth outer surface which is fused to the dura and meshwork which extends to the final layer.

Back 27

Arachnoid

Front 28

The space between the arachnoid and the pia mater. This area contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It has projections of arachnoid which run throughout it and attach to the pia mater forming a meshwork.

Back 28

Subarachnoid Space

Front 29

The innermost meningeal layer which is intimately fused to the cord along the length and which forms the filum terminale.

Back 29

Pia mater (soft mother)

Front 30

Projections of pia mater found at all levels of the spinal cord which extend from the spinal cord to the inner surface of the dura mater.

Back 30

Denticulate ligaments.

Front 31

Name the vertebrae where the spinal cord ends.

Back 31

Around L2-L3

Front 32

Name the vertebrae where dura and arachnoid fuse.

Back 32

Around S2

Front 33

How many vertebrae are there in the spinal column?

Back 33

32. 7 Cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), and 3 coccygeal (fused).

Front 34

This is the site where nerves going out to the muscles or carrying sensory information into the spinal cord emerge from the spinal cord. (ie. a joint between two vertebrae).

Back 34

Intervertebral Foramen

Front 35

This constitutes the distal end of the spinal cord at the level of L2/L3. Here, the meninges continue caudually creating a resevoir of CSF until S2 where they fuse into the filum terminale.

Back 35

Conus medullaris

Front 36

This is the extension of pia mater beyond the conus medullaris. It runs through a resevoir of CSF and terminates at the coccygeal ligament.

Back 36

Filum terminale

Front 37

A collection of nerve roots that emerge from the spinal cord at levels below L2 and extend beyond the conus medullaris. They form a collection of fine filaments distal to the end of the spinal cord.

Back 37

Caudas equina

Front 38

This test, which is carried out to obtain samples of CSF for testing or for injection of anesthesia into the CSF for a spinal block, is done below L3. Why?

Back 38

It avoids the possibility of hitting the spinal cord while still gaining access to the CSF in the conus medullaris.

Front 39

This type of stain serves to identify neuronal cell bodies (grey matter).

Back 39

Nissl Stain

Front 40

This type of stain serves to identify myelinated axons (white matter).

Back 40

Fiber Stain

Front 41

This type of spinal root allows for sensory (afferent) input to enter the spinal cord. It is the only type of root that has a ganglia.

Back 41

Dorsal Root

Front 42

This type of spinal root allows for motor (efferent) output to exit the spinal cord. All neurons are within the spinal cord (CNS), therefore, this type of root doesn't have a ganglia.

Back 42

Ventral Root

Front 43

A collection of neurons without dendrites (input/afferent only) and instead have two axons, which arise in the periphery (outside of the CNS) between a spinal nerve and a dorsal root.

Back 43

Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG)

Front 44

Dorsal and ventral roots come together in the periphery to form these. Therefore, they are composed of both sensory and motor axons.

Back 44

Spinal Nerves

Front 45

The central area of the spinal cord has a butterfly shape and is divided into the dorsal and ventral horn. It composed of which type of matter?

Back 45

Grey Matter (Neurons and Glia)

Front 46

The peripheral area of the spinal cord around the "butterfly" is divided into dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns. It is composed of which type of matter?

Back 46

White Matter (Axons and Glia)

Front 47

Neurons in this horn of the spinal cord process sensory input (afferent).

Back 47

Dorsal Horn

Front 48

Neurons in this horn of the spinal cord process motor output (efferent).

Back 48

Ventral Horn

Front 49

A bundle of axons that connects two CNS regions. Can be ascending (spinal cord to brain) or descending (brain to spinal cord).

Back 49

Tract

Front 50

A bundle of anatomically defined fibers that subserve a common function; aka tract.

Back 50

Fasciculus (Multiple)

Front 51

An area containing multiple tracts.

Back 51

Funiculus (Plural)

Front 52

This collection of tracts contains LARGE diameter sensory axons of DRG neurons. It generally conducts afferent sensory information from the periphery.

Back 52

Dorsal White Column or Dorsal Funiculus

Front 53

This collection of tracts contains mainly descending axons from the brainstem to the spinal cord. It generally conducts efferent motor output to the periphery.

Back 53

Ventral White Column or Ventral Funiculus

Front 54

This collection of tracts contains both ascending sensory axon tracts (pain, temperature, cerebellar) and descending motor axon tracts from brain (cortex, midbrain).

Back 54

Lateral White Column or Lateral Funiculus

Front 55

This collection of tracts contains axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other.

Back 55

Anterior White Commissure

Front 56

The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for carrying motor and sensory information both to and from the CNS. This system is made up of nerves that connect skin, sensory organs, and all skeletal muscles. It is responsible for producing contractions of skeletal (voluntary) muscle as well as processing sensory information that arrives via external stimuli (eg, hearing, touch, and sight).

Back 56

Somatic Nervous System (Voluntary Peripheral Control and Sensation)

Front 57

The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for motor and sensory innervation to structures that are not under voluntary control such as the smooth muscles in the walls of organs, blood vessels, of eyes, bonchi, etc, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Back 57

Autonomic Nervous System (Involuntary Peripheral Control and Sensation)

Front 58

One of the two functionally, chemically, and anatomically distinct subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system. Under the classic view of these systems, it serves to prepare the body for an emergency.

Back 58

Sympathetic Nervous System

Front 59

One of the two functionally, chemically, and anatomically distinct subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system. Under the classic view of these systems, it serves to conserve and restore energy and maintain homeostasis during non-emergent situations.

Back 59

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Front 60

The new view of these two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system is that they are CONSTANTLY working to regulate the activity of involuntary structures. (Not one or the other depending on scenario).

Back 60

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous Systems

Front 61

In this subdivision of the peripheral nervous system, motor neurons in the spinal cord project DIRECTLY to the skeletal muscles they innervate.

Back 61

Somatic Nervous System

Front 62

In this subdivision of the peripheral nervous system, motor neurons in the spinal cord project to and synapse on another neuron located in a ganglion in the periphery. This neuron then innervates the target structure. (ie. Requires two neurons for signal transmission)

Back 62

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 63

This is the first of two neurons required for signal transmission in the autonomic nervous system. It is ALWAYS located in the CNS. It projects onto the second neuron.

Back 63

Preganglionic Neuron

Front 64

This is the second of two neurons required for signal transmission in the autonomic nervous system. It is ALWAYS located in a ganglia (not a DRG). It receives information from the first neuron and projects onto the target structure. Shorter in the parasympathetic nervous system.

Back 64

Postganglionic Neuron

Front 65

Preganglionic neurons in this subdivision of the autonomic nervous system are located in the thoracic and upper lumbar part of the spinal cord (thoracolumbar). Ie. between T1 and L2. They all originate in the spinal cord and exit via ventral roots.

Back 65

Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons

Front 66

Preganglionic neurons in this subdivision of the autonomic nervous system are located in the brainstem and sacral part of the spinal cord (craniosacral). Cranio portion- cranial nerves, sacral portion- "low" organs.

Back 66

Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons

Front 67

This is the location of the majority of the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. It is located adjacent to the vertebral column and extends to the base of the coccyx. Here the ganglia are attached to adjacent spinal cords by Rami Communicante

Back 67

Sympathetic Chain

Front 68

This is the location of the minority of the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. These are called collateral (prevertebral) ganglia.

Back 68

Ventral (in front of) the aorta

Front 69

The connective tissue that surrounds individual axons in a spinal nerve.

Back 69

Endoneurium

Front 70

The connective tissue sheath that surrounds multiple bundles of endoneurium-coated axons in a spinal nerve.

Back 70

Perineurium

Front 71

The common thick external sheath that coats an entire spinal nerve.

Back 71

Epineurium

Front 72

The term for axons that conduct information which is leaving the CNS (output). These cell bodies are located within the spinal cord.

Back 72

Efferent (Motor)

Front 73

The term for axons that conduct information towards the CNS (input). These cell bodies are located in dorsal root ganglion.

Back 73

Afferent (Sensory)

Front 74

True or False: a single spinal nerve can be composed of many morphologically and anatomically distinct types of axons. (ex. big/small diameter, myelinated/unmyelinated. afferent/efferent).

Back 74

TRUE

Front 75

Outgoing axons that carry motor commands to skeletal muscles.

Back 75

General Somatic Efferent Axons (GSE)

Front 76

Outgoing axons from the autonomic nervous system that carry outgoing motor commands that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, and glandular tissue.

Back 76

General Visceral Efferent Axons (GVE)

Front 77

Axons that transmit sensory information (touch, pressure, pain, temperature, muscle tension) from the body to the spinal cord.

Back 77

General Somatic Afferent Axons (GSA)

Front 78

Axons in the autonomic nervous system that transmit sensory information (distension, pressure, pain) from organs to the spinal cord.

Back 78

General Visceral Afferent Axons (GVA)

Front 79

This type of nerve can carry strictly motor or strictly sensory or both types of information. It is NOT formed from dorsal or ventral roots because they originate in the brainstem. Neurons carrying afferent information in these nerves are located in periphery ganglia analogous to DRG but not DRG. Efferent neurons are located in a nucleus somewhere in the brainstem. Components include: GSA, GVE, GVA, GSE, SSA, and SVE.

Back 79

Cranial Nerve (12 total)

Front 80

This type of nerve carries both motor and sensory information. It is formed from dorsal and ventral roots in the spinal cord. Neurons carrying afferent information in these nerves are located in DRG. Efferent neurons are located in the spinal cord. Components include: GSA, GVE, GVA, and GSE.

Back 80

Spinal Nerve (31 total)

Front 81

This type of afferent axon is unique to a cranial nerve and carries sensory information unique to the head (vision, hearing, balance, taste, and etc.)

Back 81

Special Somatic Afferent (SSA)

Front 82

This type of efferent axon is unique to a cranial nerve and carries motor information unique to the voluntary muscles which have a different embryological origin.

Back 82

Special Visceral Efferent (SVE)

Front 83

Locate all 11 cranial nerves (vagus nerve not shown).

Back 83

Front 84

A type of visceral efferent that innervates a subset of skeletal muscles that have a unique embryological origin. These skeletal muscles are the muscles involved in movement of the facial muscles, jaws, pharynx, and larynx. Cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X innervate muscles derived from these arches.

Back 84

Branchial Motor [Embryological origin: Branchial (aka phayrngeal) arches]

Front 85

If a cranial nerve has a motor component (somatic or visceral) the neuronal cell bodies will be located here.

Back 85

A nucleus located inside the CNS (ie, brain)

Front 86

If a cranial nerve has a sensory component (general or special) its neuronal cell bodies will be located here.

Back 86

A ganglion outside of the CNS which is analagous to, but not, a DRG.

Front 87

This cranial nerve carries special sensory information for the sense of smell. Its sensory ganglion are located in the olfactory epithelium on the roof of the nasal cavity which project to the oflactory bulb and tract.

Back 87

I- Olfactory Nerve

Front 88

This cranial nerve carries special sensory information for vision. Its sensory ganglion are located in retinal ganglion cells in the ganglion cell layer of the retina which project through the optic chiasm into the brain.

Back 88

II- Optic Nerve

Front 89

This cranial nerve carries both somatic motor and visceral motor efferents. Its somatic motor components has cells of origin the brainstem which target muscles that move the eye (except the lateral rectus and superior oblique). Its visceral motor post ganglionic neuron is the ciliary ganglion (orbit) which targets constrictor pupillae and the ciliary muscle.

Back 89

III- Oculomotor Nerve

Front 90

This cranial nerve carries somatic motor efferents from cells of origin within the brainstem to targets in the superior obliqe muscle within the orbit.

Back 90

IV- Trochlear Nerve

Front 91

This cranial nerve carries branchial motor efferents and general sensory afferents. The branchial motor components originate in the brainstem and target to the muscles of mastication. The GSA components originate in the semilunar (trigeminal) ganglion in the middle cranial fossa and provide general sensory information for most of the head (face, nasal cavity, tongue, teeth).

Back 91

V- Trigeminal

Front 92

This cranial nerve carries somatic motor efferents. It originates in the brainstem and the lateral rectus muscle in the orbit.

Back 92

VI- Abducens

Front 93

This cranial nerve carries branchial motor, visceral motor, general sensory, and special sensory information. The branchial motor component targets to the muscles of facial expression. The visceral motor component comes from pterygopalatine ganglion and submandibular ganglion to target the lacrimal and salivary glands, respectively. The general sensory comes from geniculate ganglion in the temporal bone to provide information from the area just behind and below the external auditory canal. The Special sensory relays information about taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and soft palate.

Back 93

VII- Facial

Front 94

This cranial nerve carries special sensory afferents from spiral, cochlear and vestibular ganglia in the cochlea and inner ear. It relays information about hearing and balance.

Back 94

VIII- Vesibulocochlear

Front 95

This cranial nerve carries branchial motor, visceral motor, general sensory, and special sensory information. The branchial component targets to the stylopharyngeus in the pharnx. The visceral motor component has a postsynaptic ganglion called otic ganglion which target to parotid salivary gland. The general sensory component have ganglion in the superior/inferior of jugular foramen which innervate phayrnx, tongue, oral cavity, and middle ear. The special sensory have ganglia in the same place which relay taste information from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.

Back 95

IX- Glossopharyngeal

Front 96

This cranial nerve carries branchial motor, cisveral motor, general sensory, and special sensory information. The branchial motor targets the muscles of the pharynx and larynx. The visceral motor has postganglionic neruons in or near the target organs (viscera in thorax and abdomen). The sensory component relays general sensory from larynx and external auditory meatus and special sensory from uvula (taste) from superior/inferior ganglia in jugular foramen.

Back 96

X- Vagus

Front 97

This cranial nerve relays branchial motor efferents from the brainstem to target the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles (neck).

Back 97

XI- Accessory

Front 98

This cranial nerve relays somatic motor efferents from the brainstem to target tongue muscles.

Back 98

XII- Hypoglossal

Front 99

Identify this structure.

Back 99

Anterior Median Fissure

Front 100

Identify this structure.

Back 100

Pyramid

Front 101

Identify these structures.

Back 101

Olivary Eminence

Front 102

Identify these structures.

Back 102

Preolivary Sulci

Front 103

Identify these structures.

Back 103

Postolivary sulci

Front 104

Identify this structure.

Back 104

Pyramidal decussation

Front 105

Identify this structure.

Back 105

4th Ventricle (sagittal view)

Front 106

Identify this structure on the dorsal medulla (cerebellum removed).

Back 106

Obex

Front 107

Identify this structure on the dorsal medulla (cerebellum removed).

Back 107

Posterior Median Fissure

Front 108

Identify this structure.

Back 108

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle (connects to ventral pons)

Front 109

Fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem. They are made up of axons entering the cerebellum that originated in the spinal cord or other parts of the brinstem (eg., medulla, pons) and axons leaving the cerebellum which are destined for brainstem targets.

Back 109

Cerebellar Peduncles

Front 110

Identify this structure on the sagittal view of the brainstem. It is composed of the superior and inferior colliculi.

Back 110

Tectum

Front 111

Identify this structure on the sagittal view of the brainstem.

Back 111

Cerebral Aqueduct

Front 112

This is the stalk of the pituitary gland viewed from the ventral diencephalon. Provide its name.

Back 112

Infindibulum

Front 113

Identify this structure as seen from the sagittal view of the diencephalon.

Back 113

Thalamus

Front 114

Identify this structure as seen from the sagittal view of the diencephalon.

Back 114

Hypothalamus (below)

Front 115

Identify this structure as seen from the sagittal view of the diencephalon.

Back 115

Hypothalamic Sulcus

Front 116

Identify this sulcus in the lateral cortex.

Back 116

Lateral Sulcus

Front 117

Identify this sulcus in the lateral cortex.

Back 117

Central Sulcus

Front 118

Identify this sulcus in the lateral cortex.

Back 118

Parieto-Occipital Sulcus

Front 119

Name the dark blue lobe at the rostral end of the lateral cerebral cortex.

Back 119

Frontal Lobe

Front 120

Name the green lobe at the dorsal end of the lateral cerebral cortex.

Back 120

Parietal Lobe

Front 121

Name the light blue lobe at the ventral end of the lateral cerebral cortex.

Back 121

Temporal Lobe

Front 122

Name the red lobe at the caudal end of the lateral cerebral cortex.

Back 122

Occipital Lobe

Front 123

Name this cortex which is buried deep within the lateral sulcus and covered by gyri from the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes.

Back 123

Insular Cortex (Insula)

Front 124

Name this sulcus seen in the medial view.

Back 124

Parieto-occipital Sulcus

Front 125

Name this sulcus seen in the medial view.

Back 125

Calcarine Sulcus

Front 126

Name this sulcus seen in the medial view.

Back 126

Cingulate Sulcus

Front 127

Name this component of the ventricular system.

Back 127

Interventricular Foramen

Front 128

Name this ventricle. Seen from the medial view.

Back 128

Fourth Ventricle

Front 129

Name this ventricle. Seen from the medial view.

Back 129

Third Ventricle

Front 130

Name this ventricle. Seen from the medial view.

Back 130

Lateral Ventricle

Front 131

Name this component of the ventricular system.

Back 131

Cerebral Aqueduct

Front 132

This tissue arises from tufts of cells within the walls of ventricles. It serves to secrete CSF. (An active process which requires energy).

Back 132

Choroid Plexus

Front 133

The names of the two openings in the fourth ventricle which allow CSF from outside of the brain to flow into the subarachnoid space.

Back 133

Foramen of Magendie and Foramen of Luschka

Front 134

The name for specializations of the arachnoid layer which take up CSF and remove it from the ventricles to avoid excess buildup.

Back 134

Arachnoid Granulations