Neuroscience

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lesions

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damaged tissue-can figure out how parts of brain effect behavior

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EEG

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shows brain activity and non-invasive

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Cat scan

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shows brain structure

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MRI

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brain stucture but more detailed than cat scan, uses spinning atoms

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PET scan

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shows brain activity, measure glucose

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fMRI

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shows brain activity using spinning atoms and blood flow patterns

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dendrites

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rootlike parts of the cell that strecth from the cell body

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Soma/cell body

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contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell needed to sustain its life

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axon

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wirelike structure ending in the terminal buttons that extends from the cell body

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myelin sheath

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a fatty covering around the axon of some neurons that speeds neural impulses

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terminal buttons

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chemicals contained in terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate

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action potential

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a neuron firing

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all or non principle

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neuron fires completely or not at all

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synaptic gap

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space between sending and recieving neuron

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synapse

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whole actual space

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acetylcholine

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controls muscle movement and muslces contractions; low levels in people w/ alzheimers

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dopamin

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involved in attention, learning emotion, high level-schizophrenia, low-parkinson's

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serotonin

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low levels linked to depression, involved in mood

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endorphins

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involved in pain control, addictions and exercise

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agonists (excitatory)

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drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter

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antagonists (inhibitory)

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drug that decreases the action of a neurotransmitter

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Afferent Nuerons (sensory)

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carries signals from the senses or the muscles to the brain

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Efferent Neurons (motor)

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carries signals out of brain from brain to senses or muscles

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reflexes

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reaction occur before signal reaches the brain

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Brainstem/ Hindbrain

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medulla, pons, cerebellum

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medulla

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responsible for heart rate, blood pressure, breathing

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pons

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plays a role in sleeping and dreaming and control of facial expressiosn

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cerebellum

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plays a role in balance and corrdinates motor movements

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reticular formation (only 1 in midbrain

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responsible for alertness

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Thalamus

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directs signals from senses to specific areas of the brain

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corpus callosum

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bundle of nerve fibers connecting the 2 hemispheres of the brain

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limbic system

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controls emotion and motivation

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hypothalamus

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responsible for 3 f's-farenheit,food,sex

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amygdala

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associated with anger and fear

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hippocampus

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processing and retrieving memories

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cerebral cortex

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gray wrinkled covering that covers the hemisphere

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glial cells

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nueron nannies, provide nutrients for neuron

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Hemispheric Specialization

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left-more logic language; right-more art, creativity, spacial skills

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Frontal lobe

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prefontal cortex, broca's area, motor cortex

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prefontal cortex

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effects judgement and personality and emotional control

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broca's area

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1 of the language areas, peopel have difficulty controling motor movements involved in speech if damaged

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motor cortex

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responsible for sending signals to muscles; controls voluntary muscle

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Parietal lobe

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sensory cortex

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sensory cortex

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thin strip behing the frontal lobe that recieves touch senses

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temporal lobes

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auditory cortex, wernicke's area

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auditory cortex

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receives incoming sound

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occipital lobes

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visual cortex

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visual cortex

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interprets messages from the eyes

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plasticity

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ability to reorganize itself and adapt to nonstimulated areas

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neural networks

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systtem of connected neurons , can get stronger with use

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aphasia

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language impariment frontal-temporal

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association areas

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no direct observable effect but part of memory, speeking, learnign

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endocrine system

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hormones, adrenal galnds, pituitary gland

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adrenal gland

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produces adrenaline, which signals the rest of the body to prepare for fight or flight

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hormones

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ovaries-estrogen, testes-tstosteron

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pituitary gland

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The "master gland" of the body's hormone-producing system, which releases hormones that direct that functions of many other glands in the body.

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Wernicke's area

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interprets both written and spoken speech

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Down Syndrome

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extra chromosome on 21st pair causing mental retardation

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Klinefelter's syndrome

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extra X chromosome

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Turner syndrome

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only single X chromosome

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Central Nervous system

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brain and spinal cord

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Peripheral nervous system

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alll the other nerves in your body not encased in bone

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somatic nervous system

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voluntary muscle movements

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autonomic nervous system

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automatic functions of body

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Sympathetic

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mobilizes body to respond to stress

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Parasympathetic

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slows down body after stress