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213 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which of the following opiates are analgesics?
morphine codeine amphetamine |
-morphine
-codeine |
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Is amphetamine an analgesic?
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no
|
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Support for the theory that tolerance is triggered by drug-induced changes in neural activity rather than from drug exposure per se came from the finding in one study that tolerance did not develop to the anticonvulsant effects of alcohol unless
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convulsive stimulation was administered after each alcohol injection.
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Evidence suggests that the hyperphagia of rats with large bilateral VMH lesions may be mediated by
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increases in insulin release.
|
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Large bilateral lesions of the lateral hypothalamus produce
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aphagia and adipsia
|
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Evidence from the sham-eating study of Weingarten and Kulikovsky (1989) suggests that the amount that we eat at a meal is influenced by
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our previous experience of the physiological consequences of the same food.
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If you were to eliminate 500 calories from your daily diet, you would likely (weight loss pattern)
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initially lose weight, but the amount lost each day would decline until a new stable weight was reached.
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Briefly point-form leaky-barrel model of body weight regulation.
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-is a settling-point model.
-can account for the fact that body weight often remains relatively stable. -can account for the fact that compensatory changes occur to reduce decreases or increases in body weight. -can account for the fact that dieters tend to regain lost weight once they go off their diets. |
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Mutant ob/ob mice:
-have high leptin levels. -tend to be obese. -are heterozygous for the mutant gene. -all of the above -both A and B |
tend to be obese
|
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Although the __________ assumption is engrained in most people's thinking, it is inconsistent with most of the evidence.
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set-point
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Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are often viewed as variants of the same disorder because
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ALL OF THE ABOVE:
-both anorexic patients and bulimic patients have distorted body images. -many patients straddle the two diagnoses. -both anorexia and bulimia are correlated with obsessive-compulsive disorder. -both disorders display the same pattern of distribution in the general population. |
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Don poured himself half a glass of milk. Because he was thirsty, he added half a glass of water to it. In doing so, Don
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halved the milk's nutritive density.
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What surgical procedure is illustrated here?
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adjustable gastric band
|
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Negative feedback systems in the body tend to maintain
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homeostasis.
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Weingarten's studies showed that the initiation of eating can be a consequence of
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Pavlovian conditioning.
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The various phenomena of REM sleep appear to be controlled by circuits scattered throughout the
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caudal reticular formation
|
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Volunteers who are allowed to sleep without interruption after several nights of REM deprivation tend to get (in reference to REM after study)
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significantly more REM sleep than usual.
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Disorders of excessive sleep or sleepiness are classified as
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hypersomnia.
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How much sleep do we really need? According to the text, the evidence suggests that, if sleep is monophasic, the answer seems to be about __________ hours per night for most people.
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5.5
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Adaptation theories of sleep assume that we are programmed to sleep at night (only if/regardless)
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regardless of what we do during the day.
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Most studies and personal experiences of sleep deprivation are confounded by
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stress
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What are problems associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines to treat insomnia?
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-tolerance
-reduction of life expectancy -distortion of normal sleep -next-day drowsiness. |
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Cataplexy is common in cases of
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narcolepsy.
|
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Which of the following animals spend about 14 hours per day sleeping?
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cats
|
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Where is the substantia nigra?
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the mesencephalon
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Chronic use of which drug has been linked to bronchitis, emphysema, cancer, stroke, and heart attack?
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tobacco
|
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Withdrawal from which of the following drugs produces the DTs?
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none of the above (alcohol)
|
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Studies of electrical intracranial self-stimulation have influenced the development of biopsychological theories of addiction by indicating that
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there are particular areas of the brain that mediate the experience of pleasure.
|
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In the middle ages, marijuana was commonly used by Europeans to
|
make rope
|
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In addition to the nucleus accumbens, the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala are thought to play major roles in
|
the initial taking of addictive drugs.
|
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Which of the following drugs produces Buerger's disease?
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tobacco
|
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Modern physical-dependence theories of drug addiction attempt to account for the fact that addicts frequently relapse after lengthy drug-free periods by postulating
|
that conditioned withdrawal effects are the basis of drug craving.
|
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The substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area are mesencephalic nuclei of the
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mesotelencephalic DOPAMINE system
|
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What is the defining feature of addiction?
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the inability to stop using a drug despite efforts to do so
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Drug tolerance is a shift in the dose-response curve in what direction?
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to the right
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_______ tolerance to psychoactive drugs is tolerance that occurs because less drug gets to its site of action in the brain.
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metabolic
|
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What is most likely to occur after the loss of a small amount of sleep?
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disturbances of vigilance
|
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What do eastern flights cause?
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phase advances, speed up most zeitgebers (NOT slow)
|
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Immediately following a meal, glucose levels in the blood do not increase as much as they otherwise might because...
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insulin promotes the use of glucose by the body (NOT glucagon promotes lipo)
|
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What are the two fundamentally different answers to “How much sleep do we need?”
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1. stresses the presumed health-promoting and recuperative powers of sleep and suggests that people need as much sleep as they can comfortably get (usually 8+ hours a night)
2. many of us sleep more than we need to and our consequently sleeping part of our life away |
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The EEG waves that accompany sleep are generally _____ voltage and _______ EEG activity.
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-high; slow
|
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Rapid eye movements (REMs) occur during periods of ____voltage, _____ EEG activity.
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-low voltage, fast
|
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What are the three standard psychophysiological measures of sleep?
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-electroencephalogram (EEG) (brainwaves)
-electrooculogram (EOG) (eye movements) -the neck electromyogram (EMG) (muscle movement) |
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There is a loss of electromyographic activity in the neck muscles during what sleep period(s)?
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REM
|
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What is the “first-night phenomenon”?
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-the disturbance of sleep observed during the first night in a sleep laboratory
|
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What are alpha waves?
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-waving and waning bursts of 8- to 12-Hz EEG waves
|
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What two characteristic wave forms punctuate stage 2 sleep?
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-K complexes and sleep spindle
|
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What is stage 1 sleep EEG like?
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-low-voltage, high frequency signal that is similar to, but slower than, that of alert wakefulness
|
|
What is a K complex?
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-a single large negative wave (upward deflection) followed immediately by a single large positive wave (downward deflection)
|
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What is a sleep spindle?
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-a 1- to 2-second waxing and waning burst of 12- to 14-Hz waves
|
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What is stage 2 sleep EEG like?
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-higher voltage/lower frequency than 1
-with appearance of K complexes and sleep spindles |
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In what stage do sleep spindles and K complexes occur?
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-stage 2
|
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What is stage 3 sleep EEG like?
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-higher voltage/lower frequency than 2
-defined by the occasional presence of delta waves |
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As you progress from stage 1 to stage 4, what becomes higher and what becomes lower?
|
higher voltage
lower frequency |
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What are delta waves?
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-the largest and slowest EEG waves, with a frequency of 1 to 2 Hz
|
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What is stage 4 sleep EEG like?
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- higher voltage/lower frequency than 3
-defined by a predominance of delta waves |
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What is the difference between initial stage 1 EEG and emergent stage 1 EEG?
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initial stage 1 EEG) is not marked by any striking electromyographic or electrooculographic changes, whereas subsequent periods of stage 1 sleep EEG (emergent stage 1 EEG) are accompanied by REMs and by a loss of tone in the muscles of the body core.
|
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How long is a sleep cycle?
|
tends to be about 90 minutes long
|
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as the night progresses, more and more time is spent in what stage of sleep? less in what stage in particular?
|
emergent stage 1
-less in stage 4 in partic |
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What stage is REM sleep?
|
emergent stage 1
|
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what is NREM sleep?
|
all except for emergent stage 1
|
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Stages 3 and 4 (sleep EEG) together are referred to as _______.
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-slow-wave sleep (SWS); after the delta waves that characterize them
|
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What are the physiological correlates of REM sleep?
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-REMs
-loss of core-muscle tone -low-amplitude, high-frequency EEG -cerebral activity (eg oxygen consumption, blood flow, and neural firing) increases to waking levels in many brain structures -there is a general increase in the variability of autonomic nervous system activity (eg in blood pressure, pulse, and respiration) -the muscles of the extremities occasionally twitch -often some degree of penile erection in males |
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What evidence supports the theory that REM sleep is the physiological correlate of dreaming? (Kleitman)
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-the observation that 80% of awakenings from REM sleep but only 7% of awakenings from NREM sleep led to dream recall.
-NREM = isolated (ie falling) -REM = stories |
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All set-point systems are __________ systems.
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negative feedback
|
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Set-point theories of hunger and eating are inconsistent with
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-eating-related evolutionary pressures as we understand them.
-the major effects on eating of taste, learning, and social factors. -the failure of researchers to confirm that energy deficits are the usual stimulus for eating. |
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Set-point, negative-feedback systems are one way of maintaining
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homeostasis
|
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The set-point theory of body weight regulation is designed to explain
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how the weights of adults stay constant.
|
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Inconsistent with set-point theories of hunger and eating is the fact that
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flavor has a major impact on hunger and eating.
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The idea that the LH is a hunger center has largely been abandoned because
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bilateral LH lesions produce severe and general motor disturbances and reduce responsiveness to all kinds of sensory input.
|
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Grossly obese rats with large bilateral VMH lesions often
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-are unwilling to work for food.
-will not eat food that is slightly unpalatable. |
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Evidence suggests that the effects of large bilateral VMH lesions on eating are, in part, caused by damage to the __________ or its connections.
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paraventricular nuclei
|
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The body stores energy as
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fats, glycogen, protein
|
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The conversion of protein to glucose is called
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gluconeogenesis
|
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What is gluconeogenesis?
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the conversion of protein to glucose
|
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CCK, bombesin, glucagon, and somatostatin
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are peptides AND released from the gut (NOT increase food)
|
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__________ have been shown to reduce hunger, eating, and body weight.
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Serotonin agonists
|
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Many people believe that hunger is a product of
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energy deficits
|
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Consuming a high-calorie drink before a meal reliably
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none of the above (reduces NOTHING!)
|
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As a meal is consumed, what happens to PIVs?
|
-rapid decline in PIV of consumed food
-gradual decline in the PIV of all foods *nothing to do with digestion |
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__________ encourages the consumption of a varied diet.
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Sensory-specific satiety
|
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Sham-eating procedures typically reduce caloric intake into the bloodstream during a meal by
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100%
|
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Insulin promotes the
|
-conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat.
-use of glucose as the primary source of energy by the body. -storage of glycogen and fat. |
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Immediately following a meal, glucose levels in the blood do not increase as much as they otherwise might because
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insulin promotes the use of glucose by the body.
|
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Receptors for insulin and leptin are particularly dense in the
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arcuate nucleus.
|
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The leaky-barrel model of body weight regulation is a
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-settling-point model.
-negative-feedback model. -an improved alternative to the thermostat analogy. |
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Which of the following cases can be readily accounted for by the leaky-barrel model, but not by traditional set-point models?
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A women married a cook, and her weight rapidly increased by 5 kilograms; the added weight stayed, despite her efforts to lose it.
|
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The level at which the various factors that influence body weight achieve an equilibrium is called the body weight
|
leaky barrel.
|
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The leaky-barrel model of body weight regulation
|
-is a settling-point model.
-can account for the fact that body weight often remains relatively stable. -can account for the fact that compensatory changes occur to reduce decreases or increases in body weight. -can account for the fact that dieters tend to regain lost weight once they go off their diets. |
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Leptin has proven effective in the treatment of obesity in
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those who are homozygous for the mutant ob gene
|
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Leptin is to insulin as subcutaneous fat is to
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visceral fat.
|
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Both galanin and neuropeptide Y
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-are peptides.
-increase eating. *NOT CCK |
|
According to the text, anorexic patients - or anybody else who is severely undernourished - should not be fed
|
meals
|
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The rate at which resting individuals utilize their energy resources to maintain their basic body processes is
|
the basal metabolic rate.
|
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What is the the basal metabolic rate?
|
rate at which resting individuals utilize their energy resources to maintain their basic body processes
|
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It seems clear that warm-blooded animals that have ready access to a variety of palatable foods eat far more than is optimal for their health. Evidence of this point comes from
|
studies of the good health of ----humans who eat less than others.
-experiments on the effects of calorie restriction in many different species *NOT BRAIN DAMAGE* |
|
According to the lipostatic theory,
|
-each person has a body-fat set point.
-maintaining fat levels in the body at homeostatic levels is a major factor in the long-term regulation of food intake. *fat levels nothing to do with it* |
|
Rats that have lived for several weeks with access to only a single laboratory chow that is devoid of thiamine
|
will often learn to prefer the taste of a new diet that contains thiamine.
|
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Rats eat __________ when fed __________.
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more; in groups
|
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The transition between the absorptive and fasting phase occurs when
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the body stops deriving its energy from the fuels still circulating in the blood from the previous meal.
|
|
Negative feedback systems in the body tend to maintain
|
homeostasis.
|
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Which of the following dangerous effects usually occur in humans after periods of sleep deprivation longer than 24 hours?
|
none of the above
|
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Loss of 3 or 4 hours of sleep for one night has been found to reliably
|
disrupt the performance of intelligence tests.
disturb mood. disrupt motor performance. reduce strength. |
|
The apparatus illustrated here is used to study
|
sleep deprivation
|
|
The effects of the carousel apparatus are difficult to interpret because
|
in addition to producing sleep deprivation, it produces confounding stress.
|
|
The carousel apparatus has been used to study sleep deprivation in
|
rats
|
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The finding that sleep becomes more efficient in people who regularly sleep less is a key finding because it indicates that
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sleep-deprivation studies can indicate how much sleep people need ONLY if the volunteers who are being studied are efficient sleepers.
|
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Slow-wave sleep seems to play a particularly important role in the recuperative effects of sleep. The following is major evidence for this conclusion:
|
-People regain only a small portion of their lost sleep following a period of sleep deprivation, but they regain most of their lost stage 4.
-Volunteers who have reduced the amount that they sleep each night have usually accomplished this without substantially reducing the amount of stages 3 and 4 sleep. |
|
Which does not belong with the others?
dreaming emergent stage 1 EEG REM initial stage 1 EEG loss of core muscle tone |
initial stage 1 EEG
|
|
Desynchronized EEG is
|
low amplitude, high frequency.
|
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The EEG of a cerveau isolé is desynchronized only during
|
intense visual or olfactory stimuli.
|
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A free-running rhythm is a rhythm without any external
|
zeitgebers.
|
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The most influential circadian zeitgeber is the
|
light-dark cycle.
|
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A good workout on the day after an east-bound flight might speed up recovery from jet lag. If the flight were from San Francisco to Toronto, a 3-hour phase advance, a good time to work out would be __________ San Francisco time.
|
4:30 a.m.
|
|
The first night-phenomenon is often experienced
|
on a volunteer's first night of sleep in a laboratory.
|
|
Sleep apnea commonly results from
|
all of the above
|
|
The practice of diagnosing people as neurotic pseudoinsomniacs stopped when it was discovered that many people
|
who complain of insomnia sleep most of the night but unknowingly suffer from sleep apnea, nocturnal myoclonus, or some other sleep-disturbing disorder.
|
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A vivid dreamlike state during wakefulness, often just as one awakens or falls asleep, is
|
a hypnagogic hallucination.
|
|
What is a hypnagogic hallucination.?
|
a vivid dreamlike state during wakefulness, often just as one awakens or falls asleep
|
|
Theories postulating that sleep permits the body to recover from internal deficits produced by wakefulness are often referred to as
|
recuperation theories.
|
|
slow-wave sleep seems to play a particularly important _____ role.
|
recuperative
|
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Research has shown that naps have recuperative powers out of proportion with their
|
brevity
|
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The fact that most people sleep almost exactly the same amount each day under free-running conditions, despite large day-to-day variations in physical and mental activity provides strong support for the dominance of
|
recuperative factors in the regulation of sleep.
|
|
The association of REM sleep and dreaming was discovered in the early 1950s in the laboratory of
|
Kleitman
|
|
According to the default theory, REM sleep and
|
wakefulness are similar.
|
|
The default theory is a theory of
|
REM sleep.
|
|
In view of the evidence, the widespread practice of taking melatonin to promote sleep is
|
likely to be of no more than minor benefit.
|
|
Melatonin appears to be effective in treating
|
-insomnia that results from a melatonin deficiency.
-insomnia that results from the failure of light to serve as a zeitgeber in blind patients. NOT hypersomnia. |
|
Evidence suggests that melatonin functions as a
|
chronobiotic.
|
|
The encephale isolé preparation is produced by transecting the
|
caudal brain stem.
|
|
Studies of encephalitis lethargica suggested that the __________ promotes wakefulness
|
posterior hypothalamus
|
|
K complexes and sleep spindles
|
-occur during stage 2 sleep
-are EEG waves |
|
Sleep spindles and K complexes are characteristic of
|
stage 2 sleep
|
|
Each cycle of sleep during the night tends to be about
|
90 minutes long
|
|
During REM sleep, there
|
is an absence of EMG activity in the muscles of the body core.
no muscles or bursts! |
|
One neuropsychological patient had virtually no REM sleep following a brain injury, and he
|
did not seem to be adversely affected.
|
|
In the initial report of the relation between dream recall and REM sleep, what proportion of awakenings from REM sleep led to dream reports?
|
80%
|
|
In one study, volunteers gradually reduced the number of hours that they slept each night, until they felt that they had reached their limit. On the average, this limit was
|
5 hours.
|
|
Microsleeps are usually about __________ long.
|
3 seconds
|
|
During REM sleep, there
|
is an absence of EMG activity in the muscles of the body core.
*NO MUSCLE BURSTS* |
|
In one study, 8 volunteers reduced their sleep by 30 minutes per night until they did not want to reduce it further. A major finding was that
|
all of above
|
|
Theories postulating that sleep permits the body to recover from internal deficits produced by wakefulness are often referred to as
|
recuperation theories.
|
|
There is more than one circadian clock. Early evidence for this was that bilateral lesions of the
|
suprachiasmatic nuclei do NOT abolish circadian rhythms.
|
|
The diurnal light-dark cycle entrains the sleep-wake cycle via the
|
retinohypothalamic tracts.
think eyes!! |
|
Following the completion of one week of REM-sleep deprivation, volunteers
|
have a greater than usual proportion of REM sleep for 2 or 3 nights.
|
|
Professor Bland sometimes falls asleep while she is having a discussion. She would likely be diagnosed as having
|
narcolepsy
|
|
Eastern flights
|
cause phase advances and SPEED up zeitgebers (not slow!!)
|
|
Delta waves occur in stage
|
3 and 4
|
|
Which of the following is characterized by a low-amplitude, high-frequency sleep EEG signal that is similar to that observed during active wakefulness?
|
stage 1
|
|
Which of the following is a causal factor in some cases of insomnia?
|
sleeping pills
sleep apnea nocturnal myoclonus restless legs |
|
The 8-to-12 Hz EEG waves that are often associated with relaxed wakefulness are called
|
alpha waves
|
|
Circadian means
|
lasting about 1 day
|
|
Evidence suggests that melatonin functions as a
|
chronobiotic.
|
|
The EOG is a measure of
|
eye movement (NOT tension)
|
|
Several large-scale studies documented the sleep patterns and health of healthy volunteers for several years. They found that people who slept __________ hours per night tended to live the longest.
|
5-7
|
|
Many sleep-deprivation studies have assessed its impact on human
|
physiological function.
mood. cognition. |
|
The first mammalian circadian gene to have its structure characterized was
|
"clock"
|
|
The various phenomena of REM sleep appear to be controlled by circuits scattered throughout the
|
caudal reticular formation.
|
|
Interest in the efficiency of polyphasic sleep was stimulated by stories of
|
Leonardo da Vinci.
|
|
Originally, the nucleus accumbens was thought to mediate the experience of reward, but some current evidence suggests that increases in extracellular dopamine occur in the nucleus accumbens when the
|
subject expects the reward.
|
|
Wich drug is currently an alternative to methadone as a treatment for heroin addiction?
|
buprenorphine
|
|
Which of the following drugs produces hypothermia (a reduction in body temperature)?
|
alcohol
|
|
Withdrawal from which of the following drugs produces convulsions?
|
alcohol
|
|
Although __________ is extremely addictive, there are few serious withdrawal symptoms when a characteristic binge is terminated.
|
cocaine
|
|
"Song of Praise" to cocaine was written by
|
Freud
|
|
Like alcohol, cocaine is frequently consumed in
|
binges
|
|
The main psychoactive ingredient of coca paste is
|
cocaine hydrochloride.
|
|
Opiates likely exert their psychoactive effects by binding to
|
opiate receptors.
|
|
Restlessness, watery eyes, running nose, yawning, and sweating are all early signs of withdrawal from
|
opiates
|
|
The term "kicking the habit" refers to one of the symptoms of __________ withdrawal.
|
opiate
|
|
Which of the following is not an effect of chronic opiate exposure?
|
hypersexuality
|
|
In 1644, the Emperor of China banned tobacco smoking. This law contributed to an increase in __________ addiction.
|
opium
|
|
Dr. William Stewart Halsted, a brilliant surgeon and one of the founders of Johns Hopkins Medical School, is considered by many to be the father of modern surgery. Surprisingly, he was addicted to __________ throughout most of his brilliant career.
|
morphine
|
|
Which of the following is the strongest psychoactive ingredient of opium?
|
morphine
|
|
Which drug has been shown to increase the rate of cancer and heart disease in nonusers of the drug who are living with users of the drug?
|
tobacco
|
|
In the middle ages, marijuana was commonly used by Europeans to
|
make rope
|
|
Depression, anxiety, restlessness, irritability, constipation, and difficulties in sleeping and concentrating are common __________ withdrawal symptoms.
|
nicotine
|
|
Many researchers believe that a major cause of drug relapse is
|
priming.
stress. drug-related cues. |
|
Which of the following seem to share some brain mechanisms with drug addiction?
|
kleptomania
overeating compulsive shopping |
|
The lack of strong support for early physical-dependence theories of addiction lent indirect support to the notion that the primary factors in drug addiction are
|
the drug's positive-incentive properties.
|
|
According to the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, all addictive drugs produce
|
sensitization to the effects that influence the positive-incentive value of the drug.
|
|
Which of the following is a finding about addiction that is currently influencing the study of its brain mechanisms?
|
ALL
|
|
According to Ramsay and Woods, the unconditional stimulus in drug conditioning experiments is
|
the disruption of neural functioning that is directly produced by the drug.
|
|
Support for the theory that tolerance is triggered by drug-induced changes in neural activity rather than from drug exposure per se came from the finding in one study that tolerance did not develop to the anticonvulsant effects of alcohol unless
|
convulsive stimulation was administered after each alcohol injection.
|
|
The early physical-dependence theories of drug addiction were discredited by the observation that
|
detoxified addicts almost always return to their drug-taking habits.
|
|
Taking one drug can often produce tolerance to other drugs; such tolerance is called
|
cross-tolerance
|
|
Siegel's conditioning theory of drug tolerance is based heavily on demonstrations of
|
the situational specificity of tolerance.
|
|
Individuals who suffer drug withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug are said to be
|
physically dependent.
NOT addicted or psychol |
|
After the termination of exposure to some drugs, there are withdrawal effects, that are usually
|
opposite to the initial effects of the drug.
|
|
A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug as a result of previous exposure to the drug is called
|
drug tolerance.
|
|
Many early studies of intracranial self-stimulation focused on the stimulation of the
|
lateral hypothalamus or septum.
|
|
Some animals will not begin a session of lever pressing for rewarding brain stimulation unless they are given a few free stimulations. This is called
|
priming
|
|
Evidence indicates that one common health hazard of chronic marijuana smoking is
|
respiratory dysfunction.
|
|
The term "kicking the habit" refers to one of the symptoms of __________ withdrawal.
|
opiate
|
|
Illustrated here is a paradigm that is used to study addictive drugs: the
|
drug self-administration paradigm.
|
|
Modern physical-dependence theories of drug addiction attempt to account for the fact that addicts frequently relapse after lengthy drug-free periods by postulating
|
that conditioned withdrawal effects are the basis of drug craving.
|
|
According to Ramsay and Woods, the unconditional stimulus in drug conditioning experiments is
|
the disruption of neural functioning that is directly produced by the drug.
|
|
Which country has taken a novel approach to the problem of heroin addiction, an approach that is proving to be an unqualified success?
|
Switzerland
|
|
The Harrison Narcotics Act, which was passed in the U.S. in 1914, unintentionally encouraged the use of
|
heroin
|
|
Taking one drug can often produce tolerance to other drugs; such tolerance is called
|
cross tolerance
|
|
A hangover is a
|
mild withdrawal symptom
|
|
Cocaine hydrochloride
|
A B (agonist + reduces reuptake of dopamine)
|
|
The mesotelencephalic dopamine system comprises two pathways: The
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nigrostriatal pathway and the mesocorticolimbic pathway.
NEGROMESO |
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According to the text, addicts are drug users who
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continue to use a drug despite the drug's adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite their efforts to stop.
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Pregnant females who use __________ risk bearing a child with physical deformities and mental retardation.
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alcohol
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Which of the following illicit drugs was grown by George Washington as a commercial crop?
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marijuana
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According to Siegel, heroin users are more likely to die from an overdose when they
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take heroin in an environment in which they have never taken it before.
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Tolerance that occurs because the target tissue becomes less reactive to the drug after exposure is
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functional tolerance
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The "high" experienced by cocaine users was found in one study to be related to the degree of binding of the cocaine to
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dopamine TRANSPORTERS
trainspotting? |
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The severity of withdrawal symptoms depends upon the
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ALL
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According to the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, all addictive drugs produce
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sensitization to the effects that influence the positive-incentive value of the drug.
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Convulsions and delirium tremens are caused by withdrawal from
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alcohol
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In the United States, about __________ million people are addicted to nicotine, alcohol, or both.
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60
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