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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Arcuate fasciculus |
a bundle of nerve fibers which curves around the end of the lateral fissure and connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas. Damage to it results in impaired repetition.
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Word salad
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a deficit in placing words together in the proper grammatical and syntactical form which is characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia. Results in running speech that is logically incoherent. Also known as paragrammatism or extended paraphasia
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Prosopagnosia
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a disorder of the ability to recognize people's faces
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Wernicke's area
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a hypothetical structure on the posterior aspect of the left superior temporal gyrus. Also known as the secondary auditory processing area. Processes speech by connecting incoming sounds to word meanings stored in the cortex.
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Wernicke's Aphasia
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a language dysfunction characterized by total or partial inability to decipher speech, including the speaker’s own
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Broca's Aphasia
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a language impairment characterized by inability to produce fluent speech with relatively intact comprehension
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Conduction Aphasia
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a language impairment characterized by problems with repetition and often by phonemic paraphasias.
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Dementia
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a progressive, usually irreversible decline in a range of previously acquired cognitive abilities, often involving memory, which affects everyday functioning
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Alexia
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a reading disorder that occurs as a result of brain damage in someone who had previously had normal reading skills
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Phoneme
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a small, pronounceable, meaningful unit of sound
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Short Term Memory
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a temporary memory store of limited capacity in which information degrades quickly if not rehearsed
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Encoding
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a term often found in neuropsychological reports which refers to the process whereby information get consolidated into longer term memory store. Seems to be the clinical counterpart of cognitive neuropsychology’s use of consolidation
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Episodic Buffer
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a theoretical construct developed by Baddeley, part of working memory, holds and integrates information of different modalities through drawing information from LTM
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Articulatory Phonological Loop
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a theoretical construct developed by Baddeley, part of working memory, that stores speech-based information and is important in vocabulary acquisition
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Central Executive
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a theoretical construct developed by Baddeley, part of working memory, which controls attention, supervises and coordinates the articulatory phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad. Proposed that it is dysfunctional in early AD
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Petechial hemorrhages
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a tiny hemorrhage caused by a leak in a capillare vessel. Widespread petechial hemorrhages can occur as a result of brain injury.
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Long Term Memory
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a very high volume, relatively permanent storage system
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Echoic Memory
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a very short term, space limited sensory store for auditory material
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Iconic Memory
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a very short term, space limited sensory store for visual material
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a reading disorder that occurs as a result of brain damage in someone who had previously had normal reading skills
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Alexia
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Usually follows lesions to the angular gyrus at the posterior superior temporal and inferior parietal junction.
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Alexia without agraphia
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Prosody
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an aspect of speech which conveys meaning through intonation, tempo, pitch, work stress, fluency and rhythm. Augments the actual words and is important in conveying meaning. More likely to be managed by the non-dominant hemisphere
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“Word finding difficulties” Nouns are more affected than the other parts of speech, then verbs.
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Anomia
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loss of memory for events and information after an injury or disease
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Anterograde amnesia
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Only parts of objects are “seen” rather than the entire thing. Most commonly results from damage to the parieto-occipital area of the right hemisphere (watershed lesion)
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Apperceptive visual agnosia
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a bundle of nerve fibers which curves around the end of the lateral fissure and connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas.
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Arcuate fasciculus
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a theoretical construct developed by Baddeley, part of working memory, that stores speech-based information and is important in vocabulary acquisition
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Articulatory Phonological Loop
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loss of knowledge of the semantic meaning of objects
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Associative agnosia
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Widespread petechial hemorrhages can occur as a result of
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brain injury.
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a language impairment characterized by inability to produce fluent speech with relatively intact comprehension
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Broca's Aphasia
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a theoretical construct developed by Baddeley, part of working memory, which controls attention, supervises and coordinates the articulatory phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad. Proposed that it is dysfunctional in early AD
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Central Executive
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a language impairment characterized by problems with repetition and often by phonemic paraphasias.
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Conduction Aphasia
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filling in gaps in memory with detailed fabrications, the person believes in their veracity
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Confabulation
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extended interactions between medial temporal lobe structures and cortical association areas which permit knowledge to be stored over the long term
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Consolidation and Storage
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difficulty writing words on the basis of phoneme-grapheme correspondence rules
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Deep agraphia
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a progressive, usually irreversible decline in a range of previously acquired cognitive abilities, often involving memory, which affects everyday functioning
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Dementia
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Anomia
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difficulty or inability to find the right word. “Word finding difficulties” is a very more useful term. Nouns are more affected than the other parts of speech, then verbs.
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Dysarthria
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Difficulty pronouncing words accurately (slurred speech) due to reduced control over the muscles or vocal chords needed to do so
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Deep agraphia
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difficulty writing words on the basis of phoneme-grapheme correspondence rules
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Dyslexia
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disorder of reading which can be caused by the dysfunction of one or more of reading’s component skills (letter identification, phonological awareness and processing, decoding of written words). Usually refers to the developmental form, but may also be used for an acquired reading difficulty
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Difficulty pronouncing words accurately (slurred speech) due to reduced control over the muscles or vocal chords needed to do so
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Dysarthria
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disorder of reading which can be caused by the dysfunction of one or more of reading’s component skills (letter identification, phonological awareness and processing, decoding of written words). Usually refers to the developmental form, but may also be used for an acquired reading difficulty
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Dyslexia
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a very short term, space limited sensory store for auditory material
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Echoic Memory
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a term often found in neuropsychological reports which refers to the process whereby information get consolidated into longer term memory store. Seems to be the clinical counterpart of cognitive neuropsychology’s use of consolidation
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Encoding
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holds and integrates information of different modalities through drawing information from LTM
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Episodic Buffer
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The term was coined by Flourens in the first half of the 19th century and further developed by Lashley.
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Equipotentiality
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Consolidation and Storage
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extended interactions between medial temporal lobe structures and cortical association areas which permit knowledge to be stored over the long term
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Retrograde amnesia
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failure to recall events which occurred prior to an injury or illness
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Confabulation
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filling in gaps in memory with detailed fabrications. Assumed that the person believes in their veracity
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the smallest unit of written language
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Grapheme
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Receives input from the ears via the medulla.
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Heschls Gyrus
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a very short term, space limited sensory store for visual material
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Iconic Memory
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Damage to arcuate fasiculus results in
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impaired repetition
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Phonological agraphia
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inability to write a word on the basis of sounding it out
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Tactile agnosia
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is a disturbance of the ability to recognize object by touch despite intact ability to perceive texture and shape
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Surface alexia/dyslexia
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is characterized by impairment in reading irregular words such as yacht or colonel but sparing of regular ones or non-words which follow regular English pronunciation rules
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The idea, originating with Brocas work in the 1960s, that particular parts of the brain are responsible for specific functions.
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Localization
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a very high volume, relatively permanent storage system
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Long Term Memory
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Associative agnosia
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loss of knowledge of the semantic meaning of objects
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Anterograde amnesia
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loss of memory for events and information after an injury or disease
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Working memory
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Manages the temporary storage of information currently being worked on, whether it comes from external or internal sources.
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Remote Memory
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Memories for events which took place a several or many years ago.
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Phonological/letter alexia
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occurs when the person loses phoneme-grapheme conversion rules. Can recognize common words but cannot sound out unfamiliar ones
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Apperceptive visual agnosia commonly results from damage to the….
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parieto-occipital area of the right hemisphere (watershed lesion)
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a tiny hemorrhage caused by a leak in a capillare vessel.
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Petechial hemorrhages
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a small, pronounceable, meaningful unit of sound
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Phoneme
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the rules that tell us how to convert written words into sounds.
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Phoneme-grapheme conversion rules
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the substitution of a similar sound for an entire word or part of a word
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Phonemic paraphasia
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inability to write a word on the basis of sounding it out
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Phonological agraphia
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the awareness of and ability to differentiate between speech sounds
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Phonological awareness
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the application of phoneme-grapheme rules
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Phonological processing
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occurs when the person loses phoneme-grapheme conversion rules. Can recognize common words but not sound out unfamiliar ones
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Phonological/letter alexia
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the incessant continuation of speech typical of Wernicke's aphasia
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Press of speech
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Apperceptive visual agnosia
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primary problem is accurate perception of the object. Only parts of objects are “seen” rather than the entire thing. Most commonly results from damage to the parieto-occipital area of the right hemisphere (watershed lesion)
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an aspect of speech which conveys meaning through intonation, tempo, pitch, work stress, fluency and rhythm. Augments the actual words and is important in conveying meaning.
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Prosody
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a disorder of the ability to recognize people’s faces
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Prosopagnosia
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In phonological/letter alexia, people can
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recognize common words but not sound out unfamiliar ones
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Memories for events which took place a several or many years ago.
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Remote Memory
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the process of accessing material which has been stored in the brain
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Retrieval
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failure to recall events which occurred prior to an injury or illness
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Retrograde amnesia
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paragrammatism aka extended paraphasia or word salad results in
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running speech that is logically incoherent.
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the substitution in writing of a semantically related word for the one intended such as tulip for rose
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Semantic paragraphias
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the substitution while reading of a semantically similar word for the written (e.g. the infant was crying for the baby was crying)
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Semantic paralexia
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the substitution of a word for the intended one in speaking
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Semantic paraphasia
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a temporary memory store of limited capacity in which information degrades quickly if not rehearsed
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Short Term Memory
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Phoneme-grapheme conversion rules are
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Specific for each language
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Wernicke's area, aka the secondary auditory processing area, processes... (What?)
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speech by connecting incoming sounds to word meanings stored in the cortex.
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is characterized by impairment in reading irregular words such as yacht or colonel but sparing of regular ones or non-words which follow regular English pronunciation rules
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Surface alexia/dyslexia
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is a disturbance of the ability to recognize object by touch despite intact ability to perceive texture and shape
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Tactile agnosia
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Phonological processing
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the application of phoneme-grapheme rules
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Phonological awareness
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the awareness of and ability to differentiate between speech sounds
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The implication of equipotentiality is that
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the behavioural effects of brain injury are determined by the size of the lesion rather than its location
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Visual agnosia
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the failure to recognize objects by sight
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Localization
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The idea, originating with Brocas work in the 1960s, that particular parts of the brain are responsible for specific functions.
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Press of speech
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the incessant continuation of speech typical of Wernicke’s aphasia
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Prosody is more likely to be managed by
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the non-dominant hemisphere
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Alexia without agraphia
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the person cannot read normally but can write. Usually follows lesions to the angular gyrus at the posterior superior temporal and inferior parietal junction.
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Heschls Gyrus
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the primary auditory cortex, situated bilaterally on the superior temporal lobes. Receives input from the ears via the medulla. Involved in the processing of non-speech sounds and music as well as speech sounds.
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Retrieval
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the process of accessing material which has been stored in the brain
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Heschls Gyrus is involved in
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the processing of non-speech sounds and music as well as speech sounds.
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Phoneme-grapheme conversion rules
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the rules that tell us how to convert written words into sounds. Specific for each language
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Grapheme
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the smallest unit of written language
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Semantic paragraphias
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the substitution of a semantically related word for the one intended such as tulip for rose
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Semantic paralexia
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the substitution of a semantically similar word for the written (e.g. the infant was crying for the baby was crying)
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Phonemic paraphasia
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the substitution of a similar sound for an entire word or part of a word
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Semantic paraphasia
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the substitution of a word for the intended one
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Visual paralexias
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the substitution of two similar looking words such as leaf and lead
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Equipotentiality
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The theory that higher mental abilities such as memory depend on the brain functioning as a whole. The implication is that the behavioural effects of brain injury are determined by the size of the lesion rather than its location. The term was coined by Flourens in the first half of the 19th century and further developed by Lashley.
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the failure to recognize objects by sight
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Visual agnosia
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the substitution of two similar looking words such as leaf and lead
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Visual paralexias
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a language dysfunction characterized by total or partial inability to decipher speech, including the speaker’s own
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Wernickes Aphasia
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a hypothetical structure on the posterior aspect of the left superior temporal gyrus. Also known as the secondary auditory processing area.
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Wernickes area
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a deficit in placing words together in the proper grammatical and syntactical form which is characteristic of Wernicke’s aphasia.
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Word salad
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In … , nouns are more affected than other parts of speech, followed by ....
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..Word-finding difficulties (anomia) ... verbs
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a concept introduced by Baddeley. Manages the temporary storage of information currently being worked on, whether it comes from external or internal sources.
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Working memory |
