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287 Cards in this Set

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2 types of visual object agnosia by Lissauer (1890)
Apperceptive visual agnosia; associative visual agnosia
a condition or phenomenon involving distorted memory or confusions of fact and fantasy, such as confabulation or déjà vu
paramnesia
A domain–specific impairment of spatial attention in which individual fails to direct attention to space to the left of midline (“relative leftness”).
Unilateral neglect.
A hypothetical permanent change in the brain accounting for the existence of memory; a memory trace
engram
A measure of discrepancy from normal language performance
Aphasia Quotient (AQ) on WAB.
A test that requires a patient to fill in missing elements, 2) organize fragmented elements into a whole percept or 3) impose structure onto ambiguous stimuli or those lacking inherent organization is likely a test of….
visual organization
Abilities such as “implicit”, unconscious learning (e.g., new motor, perceptual, & cognitive skills), and intellectual function remain intact in
limbic amnesia syndrome.
According to Benton & Tranel, visual processing skills can be classified into which categories?
Visuoperceptual, visuospatial, and visuoconstructive.
Achromatopsia
acquired impairment in perception of colours.
Acquisition of motor skills with practice e.g., driving a car, riding a bike, mirror tracing
procedural learning
Acute confusional state is also known as
delirium
An example of the visual organization test
HVOT (Hooper, 1983)
Another name for the primary visual cortex
striate cortex
Anterograde amnesia
inability to establish new, permanent memories of an “explicit” nature from time of illness onset as evident in deficits in delayed recall and recognition
Arithmetic (WMS–IV); Spatial addition (WMS–IV); Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) are…
Mental Manipulation/Tracking Tasks
Associative Visual Agnosia: in which areas of the brain is damage usually found?
Occipito–temporal region, in both gray and white matter.
Astereognosia
inability to recognize objects by touch in context of intact sensation
Attention and Information Processing Speed can be measured by these tests:
Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT); Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT); CPT–II (Continuous Performance Test)
Behavioral observations, such as level of patient’s arousal, registering instructions, coherence in speech and action and distractibility are critical in ….
Assessment of attention
Bottom–up influences in attention
Attention is engaged involuntarily
Brown–Peterson Technique (Auditory Consonant Trigrams, CCCs) is sensitive (can detect)
FL lesions, mTBI, ADHD
BVMT–R, CVLT–2, LAMB, MTOA, are all the tests of…
Tests of Learning and Memory
Capgras Syndrome
Pts have delusional belief that family members of friends are imposters. Confabulate to rationalize this belief.
Capgras Syndrome is usually a result of
partial or recovering limbic lesion superimposed on FL damage, especially in right hemisphere.
Color agnosia
inability to identify characteristic colors of familiar objects (can’t name, recognize or match)
Compared to copying, which tasks are even better at detecting unilateral inattention?
Free drawing and bilaterally symmetrical figures such as cross or star
confabulation
a memory disturbance, defined as the production of fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive
CPT–II stands for
Continuous Performance Test
CS à US à UR; CS à CR; e.g., eyeblink
classical conditioning
Damage to ARAS can lead to
Permanent states of stupor and coma
decreased vision or blindness
anopsia
Deficits in source memory and meta–memory are also characteristic in
patients with prefrontal damage.
Deficits observed in interpretation of action pictures or HVOT may be indicative of
simultanagnosia.
Deficits observed in patients with prefrontal damage can also be observed in
Diencephalic amnesics (e.g., Korsakoff disease patients), which differentiate them from bitemporal amnesics.
Define Visual Object Agnosia:
inability to recognize a stimulus presented in a specific sensory modality not due to impairment of primary sensory processing, language deficits, attentional impairment, lack of experience with the stimulus, or generalized mental deterioration
Define “clouded consciousness”
alert but unable to direct/maintain attention on a task (wandering attention); easily distracted
Define “Obtundation”
Awake but drowsy; responsive but slow
Define “Stupor”
In deep sleep most of the time; can be aroused but only transiently; attention drifts, not sustained.
Delirium: in what percentage of hospitalized patients over 65 y.o. ?
20–25
Dependent on medial temporal lobe system involving the hippocampus and adjacent entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices
declarative memory
Describe associative visual agnosia
visual object recognition impaired in the context of preserved ability to copy or match the stimuli
Description of the flexibility of attention
constantly shifting as goals change; same stimulus can be allocated more or less attention according to current context and past experience
Different types of apraxia include:
melokinetic, ideomotor, ideational
Different types of nondeclarative (implicit) memory include:
procedural learning, classical conditioning, evaluative learning, and priming.
Difficulty switching between tasks, categories, dimensions; Impairment in dual–task paradigms (e.g., CCCs)
Frontal Lobe Attentional Deficits
Digit span < spatial span when there may be a
Left hemisphere lesion
Divided attention
attending to multiple events simultaneously
Does the ability to draw a clock change a lot over life span?
no
Drawing of right hemisphere patients usually … ?... than left hemisphere patients
larger
dressing apraxia may be related to
left neglect, simultanagnosia, or optic ataxia
Dual task paradigm that requires holding infraspan info in mind while performing a distraction task, Initially designed to prevent rehearsal to measure duration of STM
Brown–Peterson Technique (Auditory Consonant Trigrams, CCCs)
Examples of mild extrapyramidal findings in dementia with Lewy bodies
bradykinesia, rigidity, masked facies
Facilitation in processing a stimulus (faster response time, greater accuracy, less cuing required) as a result of a recent encounter with the same stimulus (in absence of conscious recollection)
priming
Frontal Lobe Attentional Deficits
Distractibility; Difficulty sustaining attention over time; Difficulty inhibiting automatic, overlearned responses (e.g., Stroop effect, “stimulus pull”)
General level of responsiveness (def. within attention topic)
arousal
Hallmark deficit in classic limbic amnesia syndrome
anterograde amnesia
Hemianopia, or hemianopsia, is a
anopsia in half the visual field of one or both eyes, usually on one side of the vertical midline.
Hidden Figures Test (Thurstone, 1944) requires patient to
identify a simple figure embedded in the more complex one
Higher order regulatory influences that affect all sensory modalities in attention are mediated by
ARAS (bottom–up) and higher order association cortex, especially frontal lobes (top–down).
How are results on spatial span often differ from those on digit span?
1–2 units shorter
how are vigilance tests scored
According to omission and commission errors and RT
How do you assess dissociation between two abilities: repetition and meaning knowledge?
Ask to repeat the word, then ask what it means.
How does damage to frontal lobe affect response to novelty?
It induces apathy and disinterest in environment.
How does JLo examine the ability to estimate angular relationships between line segments?
by visually matching angle line pairs to numbered radii forming a semi–circle
How is WM different from STM?
Broader concept – refers both to maintenance and active manipulation of on–line info.
How large is the part of the visual field that is usually affected by achromatopsia?
one half to one quarter.

Iconic or echoic memory
ultra STM, residual of sensory–perceptual processing, msecs
If a patient can’t recognize even her own face in the mirror, you may suspect
prosopagnosia
If a patient is unable to point to named objects and cannot match nor copy stimuli, you may suspect
Apperceptive visual agnosia
If you notice a gradual reduction of vocabulary; use high frequency terms (thing, boy); speech is fluent and well articulated; no phonological or syntactic errors, you may suspect
semantic dementia.
If you notice that a patient fails to direct attention to space to the left of midline, you may suspect
right hemisphere lesion
Impairment in discrimination and recognition of faces; impaired colour recognition (are what kind of deficit?)
visuoperceptual
In 1974, Baddeley and Fitch proposed
a concept of working (short–term) memory.
In addition to deficits in free recall involving strategic search, patients with prefrontal damage have deficits in
memory for temporal order of events and source memory
In addition to inability to follow through with task and need to redirect, what other behavioral observations are critical for the assessment of attention?
Preoccupation with other thoughts; irrelevant comments or actions; intrusions, perseveration of previous tasks, need to stimulate physically to re–capture attention.
In addition to previously learned skills and preferences, which other abilities are intact in classic limbic amnesia syndrome?
Immediate or “working” memory; Remote memory; Semantic (factual) knowledge and other
In Alzheimer’s disease, 1) getting lost in familiar surroundings or when driving, 2) becoming disoriented in their own home, 3) difficulty recognizing familiar faces can be seen as
functional evidence of visuospatial impairment
In apperceptive visual agnosia, visual object recognition is disrupted due to …
impairment in visual object agnosia (unable to be aware of the objects seen)
In assessing achromatopsia, you need to discriminate between
impaired color perception and color anomia
In basic neutoanatomy for vision, after the visual signal enters the retina, what happens to it before it gets to the thalamus?
it projects through the optic radiations
In basic neutoanatomy for vision, the visual signal enters the retina and then projects through the optic radiations to the thalamus and then to…
the primary visual cortex
In classic limbic amnesia syndrome, retrograde amnesia is
temporally graded (amnesia for unconsolidated info)
In dementia with Lewy bodies, in addition to fluctuating cognition with variations in attention/ alertness/ arousal, you may see
Prominent visuoperceptual /constructional deficits on testing with frontal subcortical profile and reduced attention
In terms of visual processing skills, lesions in left hemisphere can result in
sequencing errors, oversimplification of stimulus, and lack of detail, with general shape or outline retained, may be greater distortion in right half of drawing
In terms of visual processing skills, right hemisphere is dominant for
storage of visuospatial information, perception of depth, distance, direction, shape, orientation, position, perspective, and figure–ground
In vision, what role do association cortices in occipital, posterior temporal and parietal areas play?
that’s where visual info combines with input from other sensory modalities and integrates with other cognitive functions
In what modalities can patients with associative visual agnosia recognize objects?
tactile and auditory
In what state of arousal the person is unarousable, no behavioral responsiveness?
Coma.
In what type of prosopagnosia people may experience familiar as strange or imposters?
Capgras syndrome
Integration of separate elements of a complex stimulus array into a meaningful whole is a part of what processes?
visual analysis and synthesis
Is the clock test a good screening measure for brain dysfunction?
yes
Lesions in region of occipito–temporal junction may result in
achromatopsia
Lesions to which hemisphere produce most severe deficits in visual processing?
right
limbic amnesia primarily
involves LTM
LTM
information stored off–line for indefinite periods of time; capacity virtually infinite
Main symptoms of semantic dementia:
word finding difficulties; impaired knowledge of word meaning.
Melokinetic apraxia =
limb–kinetic apraxia.
memory for temporal order of events
recency judgments
Memory process: Consolidation. Description:
Involves changes in cellular structure; usually not effortful, but active processing can improve later recall (e.g., spaced rehearsal)
Memory process: Encoding. Anatomy:
(Left) prefrontal––>temporal.
Memory process: Encoding. Description:
Process by which info (auditory, visual, motor) is initially organized for immediate repetition or later recall
Memory process: registration. Anatomy:
Primary sensory processing pathways.
Memory process: registration. Description:
information perceived via sensory channels.
Memory process: Retrieval. Anatomy:
Prefrontal regions (R > L for episodic; L > R for semantic).
Mental Manipulation/Tracking Tasks
Backward digit span and spatial span (WMS, WAIS); Digit Sequencing (WAIS–IV); Letter–Number Sequencing (WAIS–IV); Brown–Peterson Technique (Auditory Consonant Trigrams, CCCs)
Meta–memory and “feeling of knowing”
knowledge about one’s own memory capabilities, memory demands of particular tasks or situations, and potentially useful strategies relevant to given tasks or situations
Most common version of vigilance tests
computerized continuous performance task requiring that subject detect target stimuli from among a series of stimuli over relatively long periods of time (monotonous)
Name cardinal features of delirium in addition to disturbance of vigilance, heightened distractibility and impaired wm.
Inability to maintain coherent stream of thought and to carry out coherent sequence of goal–directed movements.
Name different types of aphasia:
isolation, conduction, anomic, transcortical motor, transcortical sensory, global, Wernicke’s, Broca’s.
Name five levels of consciousness (arousal)
Awake and alert; clouded consciousness, obtundation, stupor, coma.
Name paramnesic phenomena in frontal patients:
confabulation; reduplicative paramnesia; Capgras syndrome.
Name several FTLD clinical syndromes
FTD, Progressive Aphasia, Semantic Dementia.
Name temporal parameters of memory
echoic, short–term, long–term, remote
Name two clinical syndromes that can result from disturbances of attentional matrix.
Acute confusional state, unilateral neglect.
Name two visuoperceptual deficits:
Visual object agnosia; defective visual analysis and synthesis
Name two visuospatial deficits:
Defective localization of points in space; defective judgment of direction and distance
Neuropathological topography of FTD:
prefrontal/ anterior temporal
Neuropathological topography of Progressive Aphasia:
Left fronto–temporal
Neuropathological topography of semantic dementia:
temporal.
Nonfluent type of progressive aphasia is characterized by:
impaired fluency and apraxia of speech.
On Beery Developmental Test of VMI, scores are expressed in terms of
developmental level of ability
On Block Design, if you observe stimulus boundedness, impulsivity and carelessness, concrete perspective, random approach to solution, failure to detect or correct errors, you may suspect
frontal lesions
On Block Design, in addition to problems with design orientation, distortion, misperception, and loss of overall configuration, patients with right hemisphere lesions
May work from right to left; fail to respect squared format of design; leave out left half or quadrant using less than full number of blocks.
On Block Design, patients with left hemisphere lesions may be able to achieve normal scores
with additional time
On drawing tests, patients have a tendency to draw on the ….. side of page as lesion
same
On HVOT, normal individuals generally fail no more than
6 items.
On motor examination, deficient performance can indicate
dysfunction in the hemisphere contralateral to the affected limb.
On Object Assembly, L hemisphere patients
more likely to join pieces according to edge contours and to disregard internal details and relative sizes of pieces (such as the fingers on the hand)
On Object Assembly, R hemisphere patients
have more difficulty visualizing what puzzle pieces make and may not recognize until almost finished or may regard grossly inaccurate constructions as correct
On RCFT, patients with brain dysfunction
take a more fragmented approach (lose overall configuration of design)
On RCFT, patients with frontal lesions
show problems with repetition/perseveration of elements and disorganization
On RCFT, patients with right hemisphere damage
may omit elements altogether
On RCFT, what do healthy adults typically draw first?
large central rectangle
On the Block design, patients with left hemisphere lesions
approach in orderly manner, proceed from left to right, top to bottom, show simplification and concrete handling of design.
On the clock test, including all numbers but having difficulties with spacing may be suggestive of
right hemisphere damage
On the clock test, patients with left–hemisphere damage
may be inattentive to right–side or have difficulty with sequencing
On the clock test, patients with right–hemisphere damage
have a tendency to leave out numbers of left–side or bunch them on right.
On the clock test, perseverative errors may be suggestive of
left hemisphere damage
On the clock test, trouble with hand placement may indicate
executive dysfunction
On the Hooper, patients with left–sided lesions tend to….
make more naming errors
On the Hooper, patients with right–sided lesions tend to…
give fragmented or part responses
On the Hooper, pulls for perceptual fragmentation are often seen with …
executive dysfunction and right frontal lesions.
On the House Drawing test, struggling with roof line or flattening corner between front and side of house more likely to reflect
right than left hemisphere dysfunction
On visuocontruction tasks, left hemisphere signs include (among others)
Sequencing errors; Greater distortion in right half of construction
On visuocontruction tasks, right hemisphere signs include (among others)
Distortion in general shape, orientation, organization, perspective and proportion; Piecemeal, fragmented approach, with loss of overall gestalt
On visuocontruction tasks, when you see over–simplification of stimulus and lack of detail with general shape or outline retained, it is probably
left hemisphere signs
On visuocontruction tasks, when you see repetitive over–detailing, errors of symmetry, failure to recognize errors, failure to benefit from model or practise, working from right to left, left–sided inattention with omission of left side or piled up on right side, it is probably
right hemisphere signs
On WAB–R, reading and writing scores are used to calculate
Language Quotient (LQ).
On Wechsler scales, which subtest is the best measure of visuospatial organization?
Block design
optic ataxia
problems with voluntary eye movements
Orientation (def. within attention topic)
(re)alignment of sensory organs (e.g., direction of gaze)
Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) are only suitable for
high–functioning individuals who are not mathematically impaired
PASAT stands for
Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test
Patients with anomia
know the meaning of the word, but cannot retrieve the word.
Patients with apperceptive visual agnosia may be better able to recognize
real objects than geometric shapes
Patients with prefrontal damage not amnesic but have deficits in
executive processes involved in monitoring, organizing, and using memory effectively
Patients with semantic dementia
do not know the meaning of the word, even if it is familiar.
Primary progressive aphasia is characterized by:
: impairment in fluency and naming.
process by which previously learned information/skills are recalled, brought back to awareness (name the “memory process”)
retrieval (“remembering”)
Processes by which memories converted from temporary to more permanent storage; bind elements together in a memory trace with a marker
consolidation memory process.
Prospective memory
memory for future events, “remembering to remember” (time–based; event–based).
Recurrent visual hallucination that are typically well–formed and detailed are common in (diagnosis)
Dementia with Lewy bodies.
Reduplicative Paramnesia, cause:
may be due to disturbed sense of familiarity rendering pt unable to associate/fuse present situation/stimulus with existing engram and so 2 parallel memories created.
Reduplicative Paramnesia, definition:
Pt convinced that a person, place, or object exists in duplicate.
Remote memory
well–consolidated information that no longer depends on hippocampus for reconstitution
Requires both maintenance (“visual sketchpad”) and manipulation (“central executive”) aspects of spatial WM, as well as ability to ignore distractors (“central executive”)
Spatial Addition (WMS IV)
Retrograde amnesia
defect in ability to recall events that occurred prior to illness onset
SDMT stands for
Symbol Digit Modalities Test
Selective attention (def. within attention topic)
preferential processing of some stimuli over others
Set of processes that control which of many competing internal and external stimuli/events will have access to consciousness and/or will be acted upon
attention
Simultanagnosia
inability to see more than one thing at a time or one aspect of an object at a time though details are correctly appreciated.
Slowed processing speed is particularly prominent after
TBI (due to diffuse axonal injury) and diseases that affect subcortical white matter, such as MS and Parkinson’s disease
Slowed processing speed often underlies
attentional deficits
source memory
recollection of context in which information was acquired.
Spatial span (in WMS–III) is a
Variant of Corsi Block–Tapping task
Spatial span < digit span when there may be a
Right hemisphere lesion
STM/WM
active, online maintenance and manipulation of information; interface between attention and memory; limited duration and storage capacity
Stroop test is an example of a test that assesses
Sustained attention (concentration)
Subtraction errors on Brown–Peterson Technique (Auditory Consonant Trigrams, CCCs) are also indicative of
problems with tracking & self–monitoring
Sustained attention
vigilance; maintaining attention on a given stimulus over time without habituating
Symbol Substitution Tests
Multi–faceted—measure visual scanning, sustained attention, visuomotor coordination and incidental learning in addition to processing speed
Symptom triad of memory loss, anomia and visuospatial deficits has been suggested as hallmark of
Alzheimer’s disease
Tests of apraxia, drawing, block design construction, calculation, and Raven’s Progressive Matrices are included in
Cortical Quotient (CQ)
The following anatomic structures –– medial temporal lobe, hippocampal formation, limbic structures – are particularly important for which memory process?
storage/ consolidation.
The requirement of balance between concentration and distractibility is a description of which attribute of attention?
Flexible
The study of disturbances from congenital or acquired lesions which in turn affect the development of the individual
Child Neuropsychology
The study of disturbances of established patterns of behavior
Adult Neuropsychology
These are also tests of learning and memory
WMS–IV, TOMM, WMT.
These are language tests.
Token Test; FAS & Animal Fluency (Controlled Oral Word Association Test)
These are some of the characteristics of attention
Finite and Flexible
This is also a comprehensive, multi–domain test
DRS
this is primarily an attentional function mediated by dorsolateral prefrontal (and posterior parietal) cortex
working (short–term) memory
This test involves copying 24 geometric figures of increasing difficulty
Beery Developmental Test of Visual–Motor Integration
This test is useful for differentiating between visuoperceptual and more motor–constructive problems
Hooper VOT
To assess basic attention/ WM capacity
Span tasks
To assess divided attention
Manipulation/ tracking /dual–task (e.g., bwd spans)
To assess sustained attention (concentration)
Vigilance tests
To test of Visual Perceptual Abilities, you can also use…
VMI, RCFT, Parietal Lobe Battery, Judgment of Line Orientation
Top–down influences in attention
Attention directed voluntarily
Unilateral neglect occurs almost exclusively after
right hemisphere lesions
Unilateral neglect, in addition to being a posterior parietal sign, can also be seen after
lesions to frontal lobes, cingulate gyrus, striatum, and thalamus
Visual analog of WAIS–IV digit span
Symbol span (WMS–IV)
Visual Analysis and Synthesis includes
simple and more complex visual discriminations; separating figure from ground.
Visual Angulation (usually located where)
a right hemisphere function (temporo–occipital)
Visual Angulation, definition
Perception of angular relationships
Visual inattention / Unilateral visual neglect; Balint’s syndrome (are what kind of deficit?)
visuospatial
What are 3 conditions in the “digit span” task? (e.g., in WAIS–IV)
Forward, backward, and ordering
What are the 2 slave systems regulated by the central executive in WM?
Phonological loop; Visuospatial sketchpad
What are the oral subtests of WAB–R?
Spontaneous speech, auditory comprehension, repetition, naming.
What are the two main neurotransmitters involved in ARAS?
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine
What can be thought of as an intermediate stage between attention and memory?
Working memory can be thought of as an interface between these two.
What do attention processes involve?
Selecting relevant inputs and filtering out less relevant ones.
What do Auditory Consonant Trigrams and Trail Making Tests measure?
Attention and Information Processing Speed
What do Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Exam and Boston Naming Test a test of?
Test of Language
What do Cancellation tasks, Clock, Hooper Visual Organization and Embedded Figures tests measure?
Visual Perceptual Abilities
What do concepts of STM and WM have in common?
Both characterized by limited storage capacity & brief duration.
What do D–KEFS and WCST assess?
Executive Abilities
What do patients do in Spatial Addition (WMS–IV)?
views pattern of blue and red circles on a grid; then shown a second pattern on the grid; must “add” 2 images together, placing white circle in a location occupied by a blue circle on both grids, blue circle in location occupied by a blue circle on only 1 grid, and ignoring red circles.
What do patients do in Symbol Span (WMS–IV)?
Patient views series of abstract designs (hard to verbalize) of increasing length, then must select correct designs from foils in correct sequences
What does ARAS stand for?
Ascending Reticular Activating System
What does BVMT–R stand for?
Brief Visuospatial Memory Test – Revised.
What does CVLT–2 stand for?
California Verbal Learning Test II
What does dorsal (occipitoparietal) visual processing system do?
subserves appreciation of spatial relationships (“where”)
What does DRS stand for?
Dementia Rating Scale
What does D–KEFS stand for?
Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System
What does frontal lobe damage primarily affect?
WM
What does FTD stand for?
frontotemporal dementia
What does FTD/MND stand for?
frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease.
What does FTLD stand for?
frontotemporal lobar degeneration
What does LAMB stand for?
Learning and Memory Battery
What does MTOA stand for?
Memory Test for Older Adults
What does PAX stand for?
progressive apraxia.
What does PNFA stand for?
progressive non–fluent aphasia
What does RBANS stand for?
Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status
What does the ARAS projection through thalamus facilitate?
Passage of sensory information, promoting cortical arousal.
What does TOMM stand for?
Test of Memory Malingering
What does ventral occipitotemporal visual processing system do?
subserves ibject recognition (“what”)
What does WAB–R stand for?
Western Aphasia Battery Revised.
What does WCST stand for?
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
What does WMS–IV stand for?
Wechsler Memory Scale
What does WMT stand for?
Word Memory Test
What does “STM” stand for?
“Short–Term Memory”
What drug’s toxicity is likely to cause an acute confusional state?
anticholinergics
What else can help improve recognition for people with apperceptive visual agnosia?
motion of stimulus
What engages the attention in bottom–up influences?
Drive states or events or stimuli in the external environment
What engages the attention in top–down influences?
Conscious states such as motivation, volition.
What is a phonological loop?
Auditory WM
What is a prerequisite for all higher cognitive/ intellectual activity?
Attention
What is amygdala’s role in memory?
emotionally arousing events (which activate it) remembered better than emotionally neutral events (depends, in turn, on release of cortisone and adrenaline) ––> strengthens neural connections
What is attention?
Selective allocation of finite information processing resources and response channels to events that are behaviourally relevant
What is Beery Developmental Test of VMI good for?
assessment of developmental cognitive deficits
What is CTIP (Computerized Test of Information Processing) a test of?
Attention and Information Processing Speed
What is the hypothesized third WM slave system?
Episodic buffer – links info across domains to form integrated units of visual, spatial, and verbal info and chronological ordering; assumed to have links to LTM.
What is the most common neurological disorder of mental state?
Acute confusional state.
What is the most prominent feature in delirium?
Deficits in attention.
What is the only way to detect unilateral neglect of milder form? (as it resolves?)
Double simultaneous stimulation, i.e., when there is competition from stimulation in the other hemi–space.
What is the role of frontal lobes in attention?
Top–down regulation: conscious direction, control of attention.
What is the role of prefrontal cortex in attention?
Regulates it in response to conscious volition/goals regardless of domain and modality.
What is visuospatial sketchpad?
Visual WM
What does “WM” stand for?
“Working Memory”
What is WM comprised of?
A “central executive” which regulates 2 slave systems.
What kind of patients show impaired procedural learning?
Those with Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease
What kind of test is RBANS?
Comprehensive (multi–domain)
What kind of visual processing skills are “Visual analysis and synthesis”?
visuoperceptual
What part of the brain is activated during spatial WM tasks?
Right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
What part of the brain is activated during verbal WM tasks?
Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
When you see cortical paralysis of visual fixation, optic ataxia, disturbance of visual attention, you may consider diagnosis of…
Balint’s syndrome.
When you see defective assembly and drawing, you may suspect …
visuoconstructive deficits.
Where does one of the two major upstream projections of ARAS pass through?
thalamus
Where is another one of the two major upstream projections of ARAS?
from brainstem and basal forebrain to cerebral cortex
Where is striate cortex located?
in the medial portion of the occipital lobes above and below the calcarine fissure
Whether a stimulus or event has positive or negative valence (e.g., fear conditioning and extinction/ desensitization)
evaluative learning
Which anatomical structure is important in evaluative learning?
amygdala
Which anatomical structure is important in priming?
neocortical regions engaged by the task.
Which anatomical structures are important in classical conditioning?
interpositus nucleus and overlying cerebellar cortex.
Which anatomical structures are important in procedural learning?
cerebellum and striatum
Which hemisphere is dominant for spatial attention?
right
Which hemisphere is specialized for analyzing internal details of a stimulus?
left
Which lesions have worse outcomes for visual processing, anterior or posterior?
posterior
Which patients are especially vulnerable to an acute confusional state?
Elderly and patients with pre–existing brain disease or dementia.
Which span task has a larger age effect than digit span?
Spatial span
Which visuocontruction test has the lowest correlation of all Wechsler subtests with general mental ability?
Object Assembly
Why are real objects easier to recognize than geometric shapes for people with apperceptive visual agnosia?
due to availability of such cues as size, color, and texture
Why is it important to read numbers at a steady pace during administration of the “digit span” task?
“chunking” can enhance performance
working (short–term) memory, definition
Temporary storage of a limited amount of information in mind for execution of a goal or intention (learning, problem–solving, preparation for action)
“acute confusional state”.
Global impairment of the attentional matrix due to diffuse brain disease or dysfunction.
“unilateral neglect”

Example of impairment in domain–specific system that controls allocation of attention in extrapersonal space.