Neurology Part #3

Front 1

Shingles

Back 1

caused by the chicken pox virus

Front 2

Basic types of somatosensations

Back 2

Touch and pressure
Pain and Temperature
Limb orientation and posture

Front 3

Touch and pressure receptor

Back 3

mechanoreceptors

Front 4

Slowly-Adapting

Back 4

respond best to pressure

Front 5

Rapidly-Adapting

Back 5

respond to onset and offset of pressure

Front 6

Pacinian

Back 6

respond to very high frequencies

Front 7

NMDA receptor

Back 7

will normally bind to glutamate

Front 8

Nociception

Back 8

the perception of a stimulus that if continued will cause tissue damage

Front 9

Nociceptors

Back 9

small myelinated axons
small unmyelinated axons

Front 10

Delta Fibers

Back 10

small myelinated axons
fast pain perception

Front 11

C Fibers

Back 11

small unmyelinated axons
slow pain perceptions

Front 12

Drugs that relieve pain

Back 12

opiates(heroin, morphine, codeine)

Front 13

Drug to give on overdose of heroin

Back 13

naloxone

Front 14

White part of they eye

Back 14

SCLERA

Front 15

Colored part of the eye

Back 15

Iris

Front 16

5 different neruons in eye

Back 16

retinal ganglion cells
amacrine cells
biopolar cells
horizontal cells
photoreceptor cells

Front 17

Rods(colors?)
(sensitivity?)

Back 17

most sensitive to light
black white gray

Front 18

Cones(colors?)
(sensitivity?)

Back 18

Less sensitive to light
blue red green

Front 19

Dry AMD

Back 19

drusen are deposited beneath the retina in the macula
Increase difficulty in reading

Front 20

Wet AMD

Back 20

Inflitration of blood vessel that cause damage to retina

Front 21

Retinitis pigmentosa

Back 21

increasing loss of vision in the periphery.
Leads to tunnel vision

Front 22

Glaucoma

Back 22

disease of eye that ends up killing cells of retina. glaucome unable to exit normally.

Front 23

Eyeball cut in the optic chiasm

Back 23

temporal visual field deficits in both eyes

Front 24

on-center/off-surround and off-center and on-surround @:

Back 24

Retinal ganglion cells

Front 25

LGN Cells

Back 25

similar on/off center and surround

Front 26

VI cells

Back 26

input layers, do get center-surround

Front 27

simple cells

Back 27

respond with on-bar

Front 28

Complex cells

Back 28

like oriented bars

Front 29

Hyper-complex

Back 29

end-stop inhibition

Front 30

neurons

Back 30

interneurons, projection neurons

Front 31

examples of slow neurotransmitters

Back 31

Dopamine
Serotonin
Nor epinephrine
AcH

Front 32

Lower motor neuron

Back 32

These are the motor neurons in the ventral horn
of the spinal cord

Front 33

Upper motor neuron

Back 33

These are the neurons in the brain or spinal cord
that are somehow involved in sending the signal to the ventral horn

Front 34

"Cerebral cortex is
organized into different areas"

Back 34

Brodmann

Front 35

Human Primary sensory Areas

Back 35

Motor, Somatosensory, Auditory, Visual

Front 36

Slow neurotransmitters

Back 36

Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, AcH

Front 37

Lower motor neuron

Back 37

These are the motor neurons in the ventral horn
of the spinal cord

Front 38

Upper motor neuron

Back 38

These are the neurons in the brain or spinal cord
that are somehow involved in sending the signal to the ventral horn

Front 39

Two mechanisms
also regulate dopamine
action

Back 39

(1).specific re-uptake
autoreceptors
(2) enzymes that break
it down: (MAO)

Front 40

Anatomical Divergence:

Back 40

One neuron provides input to many
post-synaptic neurons

Front 41

Convergence:

Back 41

Many neurons converge and provide input onto a single post-synaptic neuron

Front 42

Endogenous Opiates

Back 42

Endorphins

Front 43

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Back 43

Peripheral, rod, fovea is spared

Front 44

MT

Back 44

responds to direction of motion and velocity of motion

Front 45

MST

Back 45

responds to optic flow stimuli
(SPEED OF LIGHT)

Front 46

IT

Back 46

Responds to faces

Front 47

Eye Movements(2)

Back 47

Saccades
Smooth Pursit

Front 48

Declarative Memory(?)

Back 48

Storing facts

Front 49

Declarative Memory(2 stages)

Back 49

Long term
Short term

Front 50

Procedural
Memory

Back 50

How to?

Front 51

Echoic Memory

Back 51

Attention Span

Front 52

Anterograde amnesia

Back 52

loss of the ability to create memories after the event that caused the amnesia occurs

Front 53

Reterograde amnesia

Back 53

where someone will be unable to recall events that occurred before the development of amnesia

Front 54

Neurofibrillary tangles

Back 54

found within neurons in cases of Alzheimer's disease.

Front 55

Senile plaques

Back 55

extracellular deposits of amyloid in the gray matter of the brain.

Alzheimer's diseases

Front 56

Epilepsy

Back 56

condition characterized by abnormal, recurrent, and excessive discharges from neurons. --seizures

Front 57

Associated with ADHD

Back 57

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
Emotional Disorders

Front 58

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Back 58

3-4years of age
Have to have all the symptoms all the time.
Should rule out other things that look the
same

Front 59

Stimulants are an effective
treatment for ADHD

Back 59

Ritalin: block the reuptake of dopamine

Front 60

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Back 60

You obsess about something, which compels you to do something that you
know is irrational

Front 61

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Treatments

Back 61

selective serotonin re-uptake
inhibitor (SSRI)(prozac)

tricyclic antidepressants:
affect the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin

Front 62

____ works
well to control both
the mania and
depression.

Back 62

Lithium (Li+)

Front 63

benzodiazapams
(how it works)

Back 63

Benzodiazapams mimic GABA
and bind to a specific GABA
receptor.

Front 64

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder has two general types:

Back 64

Flashbacks or Amnesias

Front 65

The _______
feeds the brainstem

Back 65

The basilar artery

Front 66

A small lesion here will
result in a permanent
vegetative state.

Back 66

paramedian mesodiencephalic
structures (PMD)

Front 67

Schizophrenia

Back 67

Too much dopamine

Front 68

What helps you remember something ??

Back 68

Adenaline stimulating the amygdala

Front 69

aphasia

Back 69

loss of speech

Front 70

Corpus collosum

Back 70

axons from one side of the brain that connect to the other side of the brain

Front 71

• You can determine which hemisphere language is by giving the :

Back 71

WADA test

Front 72

• Wernicke's area gets input from

Back 72

visual cortex[reading]

Front 73

____ is activated when you think about how others are feeling

Back 73

MPFC

Front 74

Hemophilia

Back 74

Blood not clotting

Front 75

Transient Global Amnesia

Back 75

Defined as a sudden but transient retrograde and anterograde amnesia

Front 76

Herpes-Simplex Encephalitis

Back 76

Virus enters via the nose or mouth. Manages to somehow get into the central nervous system, and
primarily affects the temporal lobes

Front 77

Agnosias

Back 77

A sudden inability to be able to remember certain things or how to do certain things

Front 78

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Back 78

Loss of normal fear
Lack of ability to gauge trustworthiness

Front 79

Hippocampus

Back 79

Needed to store memories

Front 80

Thalamus and Mammillary bodies

Back 80

Needed to retrieve the memories

Front 81

Amygdala:

Back 81

Make sure you remember the
important stuff

Front 82

Deafness

Back 82

conduction and neural

Front 83

Neural Deafness:

Back 83

Something is wrong somewhere in the nervous system.

Front 84

neural deafness is from

Back 84

the hair cells or spiral ganglion cells

Front 85

Tinnitus

Back 85

the perception of sound within the human ear in the absence of corresponding external sound.

Front 86

Primary visual cortex (V1)

Back 86

processing information about static and moving objects and is excellent in pattern recognition.

Front 87

Visual area V2

Back 87

provide a complete map of the visual world

Front 88

Third visual complex, including area V3

Back 88

receiving inputs from V2 and from the primary visual area

Front 89

Visual area V4

Back 89

long-term plasticity, encodes stimulus salience, is gated by signals coming from the frontal eye fields,

Front 90

V5/MT

Back 90

play a major role in the perception of motion

Front 91

MST

Back 91

Viewing objects without implied motions