Neurodevelopmental And Cognitive Disorders

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Child development

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Typical childhood development. Significant brain changes occur for several years after birth. Critical development in all areas. Follows a sequential pattern. Disruption in early development may disrupt later development.

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Developmental milestones

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Language, socialising, problem solving and physical motor skills. If one doesnt develop properly this will likely lead to a developmental disorder.

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ADHD

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Children who meet criteria for adhd have a pattern of: inattention- difficulty attending to tasks or hyperactivity and impulsivity- fidgety, excessive activity.

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ADHD across the lifespan

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Can be identified around 3-4 years. Overtime: often less impulsive inattention persists. Adolescents: impulsivity manifests in different areas.

Adulthood: a need to be busy, restlessness.

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Gender differences

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Boys are 3 times more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD.

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Biological causes of ADHD

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Common in families where one person has adhd. Mutations occur which create extra copies on one chromosone or deletion of genes.

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Gene-Environment interaction (adhd)

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Environmental factors also appear to play a small role. Maternal stress and alcohol use, parental marital stability.

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Psychological/Social influence (adhd)

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Factors may further influence the impact of adhd. This leads to negative response from parents, teachers and peers. Which contributes to low self esteem and negative self image.

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Treatment approaches (adhd)

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Psychosocial interventions - target broader issues. Biological interventions - aim to reduce impulsivity and hyperactivity to improve attention. A combined approach is most effective.

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Specific learning disorder

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Performance that is substantially below what qould be expected given the persons age, iq and education. Impairment in reading, expression and math.

expression and math.

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Learning disorder causes

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Neurological causes: structural and functional differences found in brain.

Reading: left hemisphere- dyslexia

Math disorders: intraparietal sulcas (left hemisphere) numbers.

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Autism (2 features)

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Impairment in social communication and social interaction. Restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities.

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2 features of autism in detail

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Social communication: deficits in social-emotional reciprocity. Deficits in non-verbal communicative behaviours and deficits in developing, maintaining and understanding relationships.

Restricted, repetitive patterns of behvaiour: sterotyped or repetitive motor movements.

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Intellectual disability

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Characterised by significantly below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning. Difficulties with day to day functioning.

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Causes of intellectual disability

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Environmental: deprivation, abuse and neglect.

Prenatal: exposure to disease or drugs in womb.

Perinatal: labour difficulties.

Postnatal: infections and head injuries.

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Neurocognitive disorders

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Forms of dementia and amnestic disorder. Major and mild subtypes. Impairment of cognitive abilities.

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Delirium

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Impaired consciousness and cognition during several hours or days. Confused, disoriented, cannot focus, impaired memory and language.

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Causes, treatment and prevention for delirium

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Causes: intoxication by drugs, infections, head injury, brain trauma, sleep deprivation and excessive stress.

Treatment: psychosocial management -managing agitation and anxiety increasing familiar personal belongings.

Prevention: appropriate medical care for illness and medication monitoring.

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Alzheimer's disease

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Impairment of memory, orientation, judgement and reasoning. Cognitive disturbances:

Aphasia: difficulty with language

Apraxia: impaired motor functioning

Agnosia: failure to recognise objects.

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Vascular neurocognitive disorder

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Blood vessels in the brain are blocked or damaged (stroke). Nutrients and oxygen no longer carried to brain tissue.

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Lewy body disease

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Lewy bodies: microscopic deposits of a protein that damage brain cells over time. Impairment in alertness and attention.

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What is amnesia?

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Significant memory impairment. Caused by a medical condition or substance. Acquired disorder. No other cognitive areas can be affected otherwise it is dementia.

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Amnesia causes?

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Direct damage to hippocampus. Indirect damage to hippocampus possibly cause by too much alcohol use.

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Dementia

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Many and severe cognitive deficits without impaired consciousness. Usually progressive and irreversible. Common in the elderly.

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Parkinsons

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Dementia after 12 months of motor symptoms. A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors

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Huntington's

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Motor disorder and with psychiatric disturbances. An inherited condition in which nerve cells in the brain break down over time.