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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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One-way valve |
Chemical Synapse |
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Who proved Chemical Synapses? |
Otto Loewi Electrical stimulation of vagus nerve slowed frog hearts |
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In mature mammals, synaptic transmission is... |
Chemical |
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Name the 2 components of a Neuromuscular Junction |
Motor neuron axon terminal to skeletal muscle |
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Name the major neurotransmitter and receptors involved in Neuromuscular junctions |
ACh Nicotinic receptors |
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What do small dense core vesicles contain? |
Catecholamines |
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What do large dense core vesicles contain? |
Peptide Neurotransmitters |
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What do clear vesicles contain? (2 Things) |
ACh Amino acid neurotransmitters |
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Which SNARE is incorporated into membranes of transport vesicles during budding? |
v-SNARE |
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Which SNARE is located in the membranes of target compartments |
t-SNARES |
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What is a well known v-SNARE? |
Synaptobrevin |
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What is a well known t-SNARE? |
SNAP-25 |
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Orthodromic conduction? |
Cell body to synaptic terminal |
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Antidromic conduction? |
Synaptic terminal to cell body |
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What is the initial segment? |
Portion of the axon just beyond the axon hillock that us unmyelinated and possesses the lowest threshold for the production of an action potential |
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EPSP (3 Things) |
Depolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane immediatelyunder the active post-synaptic membrane Produced by excitatoryneurotransmitters that open ligand-gated channels for Na+ and Ca2+ Move membrane potential towards threshold |
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IPSP (2 Things) |
Produces hyperpolarization. Produced by inhibitory neurotransmitters viaopening of ligand-gated K+ and Cl- channels Moves membrane potential away from threshold |
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What is spatial summation? |
When activity is present in more than one synaptic knob at the same time |
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What is temporal summation? |
Ocurrs if repeated afferent stimuli cause new EPSPs/IPSPs before the effects of previous stimuli have decayed |
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How are Ionotropic channels gated? |
Ligand or Transmitter |
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What do Metabotropic receptors use? |
G-proteins and second messengers |
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cAMP (2 Things) |
Synthesized from ATP by adenylyl cyclase Activates protein kinase A which phosphorylates target proteins to produce a cellular response |
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cGMP (3 Things) |
Synthesized from GTP by guanylate cyclase Present in lower concentrations thatn cAMP Mediates gaseous signals |
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What molecules are important for neuromodulatory synapses? |
G-Proteins |
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What is the most ubiquitous messenger in all cells and neurons? |
Free Calcium Ions |
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Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide Gasses (3 Things) |
Diffuses through membranes into adjacent cells Stimulates guanylate cyclase to produce cGMP Important for synaptic plasticity and memory |
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Dale's Principal |
An individual neuron releases the same transmitter substance at all its synapses |
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What is the most ubiquitous neurotransmitter in the body? |
ACh |
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Where is ACh most prominent in the CNS? (2 Places) |
Basal Nucleus of Meynert Medial Septum |
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What blocks muscarinic receptors? |
Atropine |
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M1 Muscarinic Receptor (2 Things) |
Abundant in the brain Increases IP3 and DAG |
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M2 Muscarinic Receptor (2 Things) |
Abundant in the heart Decreases cAMP |
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What type of channel is a nicotinic receptor? |
Ligand-gated sodium channel with a receptor domain |
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What is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain? |
Glutamate |
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What are the 2 types of Glutamate receptors? |
Ionotropic and Metabotropic |
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What are the 3 types of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors? |
NMDA AMPA Kainate |
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What type of channel is the NMDA receptor? |
Ligand-gated Calcium channel |
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AMPA and Kainate (4 Things) |
Ionitropic Glutamate Receptor Ligand-gated cation channel Permits Sodium influx Found in astrocytes |
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6 Pharmacologically distinct sites at which compounds can alter the activity |
Transmitter binding site Regulatory site PCP binding site Mg2+ binding site Inhibitory divalent cation binding site D-Serine binding site |
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What is the predominating inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? |
GABA |
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What are the 2 classes of GABA receptors? |
Ionotropic (GABA-A) Metabotropic (GABA-B) |
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What do Picrotoxin and Bicuculline block? |
GABA-A receptors |
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What is Muscimol? |
A GABA-A receptor agonist |
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What are Benzodiazepines? (3 Things) |
GABA-A agonistic modulators (enhance GABA-A receptor activity when it binds) Muscle relaxants/anticonvulsants/sedatives |
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A GABA-A receptor blockade would lead to what? |
Seizures |
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What is Glycine (other than an amino acid) |
A major inhibitory neurotransmitter, especially in the spinal cord |
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What neurotransmitters increase Chloride conductance? |
GABA Glycine |
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What are the 3 principal catecholamines? |
Dopamine Norepinephrine Epinephrine |
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What are the 2 pathways of Catecholamines? |
Oxidized to biologically inactive products by MAO Methylation by COMT |
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Reuptake of neurotransmitters is accomplished by what? |
Transport proteins |
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Substantia Nigra projects to? |
Caudate-putamen |
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VTA projects to? |
Many limbic structures such as the amygdala |
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What neurotransmitter is present at most sympathetic post ganglionic neurons? (ex: Locus Ceruleus) |
Norepinephrine |
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What are the 5 Norepinephrine Receptors? |
Alpha 1+2 Beta 1+2+3 |
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What neurotransmitter is produced mainly by the adrenal medulla? |
Epinephrine |
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Catecholamine Theory of Affective Disorders |
Clinical depression results from a deficiency in catecholamines (usually NE), while mania results from excess |
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Cocaine is a potent inhibitor of what? |
Dopamine reuptake |
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Lithium facilitates reuptake of what? |
Norepinephrine |
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Seratonin is present in highest concentration where? |
Blood platelets |
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Seratonin is synthesized from what amino acid? |
Tryptophan |
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In the brain, Seratonin is found mainly where? |
Raphe Nucleus |
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Raphe projections distribute to where? (3 Places) |
Forebrain Cerebellum Spinal Cord Similar pattern to NE |
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What is a Seratonin receptor antagonist? |
Psychedelic drugs like LSD and Mescaline (leads to hallucinations) |
