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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Olfactory Nerve |
Number: 1 Type: Sensory Function: Sense of Smell |
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Optic Nerve |
Number: 2 Type: Sensory Function: Vision |
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Oculomotor Nerve |
Number: 3 Type: Motor Function: Raise eyelids, move eyes, regulate the size of pupils, focus of lenses. |
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Trochlear Nerve |
Number: 4 Type: Motor Function: Eye movements, proprioception |
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Trigeminal Nerve |
Number: 5 Type: Mixed Function: Sensations of the head and face, chewing movements, and muscle sense. |
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Abducens Nerve |
Number: 6 Type: Motor Function: Produce movements of the eyes |
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Facial Nerve |
Number: 7 Type: Mixed Function: Facial expressions, secretion of saliva, taste. |
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Vestibulocochlear Nerve |
Number: 8 Type: Sensory Function: Balance or equilibrium sense. Hearing. |
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve |
Number: 9 Type: Mixed Function: Taste and other sensations of tongue, swallowing, secretion of saliva, aid in reflex control of blood pressure and respiration. |
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Vagus Nerve |
Number: 10 Type: Mixed Function: Transmit impulses to muscles associated with speech, swallowing, the heart, smooth muscles of visceral organs in the thorax, and abdomen. |
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Accessory Nerve |
Number:11 Type: Motor Function: Turning movements of the head, movements of the shoulder and viscera, voice production. |
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Hypoglossal Nerve |
Number:12 Type: Motor Function: Tongue movements |
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What are the 3 primary brain vesicles? |
Prosencephalon Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon |
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What 2 secondary vesicles does the Prosencephalon separate into? |
Telencephalon Diencephalon |
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What 2 secondary vesicles does the Rhombencephalon separate into? |
Metencephalon Mylencephalon |
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What does the Telencephalon develop into? (4 Things) |
Cerebrum Lateral Ventricles Amygdala Hippocampus |
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What does the Diencephalon develop into? (4 Things) |
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus Pituitary Gland Pineal Gland 3rd Ventricle |
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What does the Metencephalon develop into? (2 Things) |
Cerebellum Pons |
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What does the Mylencephalon develop into? |
Medulla Oblongata |
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What does the Mesencephalon develop into? (5 Things) |
Substantia Nigra Corpora Quadrigemina Ventral Tegmental Area Locus Coeruleus Cerebral Aqueduct |
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Hippocrates (2 Things) |
Father of western medicine Brain involved in sensation and is the seat of intelligence |
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Aristotle (2 Things) |
Heart is the center of intellect Brain is a radiator |
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Galen (4 Things) |
Father of anatomy Physician to gladiators Dissected animals Discovered ventricles |
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Vesalius (2 Things) |
Added to Galens anatomy Fluid mechanical view |
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Luigi Galvani and Emil du Bois-Reymond |
Muscles twitch with electrical stimulation Reymond - Discovered nerve action potential |
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Charles Bell and Francois Magendie (3 Things) |
Bi-directional conduction along the same nerve Spinal cord contains mixed, unidirectional fibers Bell - Transection causes paralysis Magendie - Dorsal carry sensory |
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Mari Jean Pierre Flourens |
Anesthesia Ablation studies in birds Cerebellum involved in coordination Mind is located in the brain + division of labor |
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Franz Joseph Gall |
Phrenology - bumps on skull = personality traits |
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Broca |
Supported division of labor opinion of brain |
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Fritsch and Hitzig |
Identified the precentral gyrus as the primary motor cortex |
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Ferrier |
Removal of primary motor cortex resulted in paralysis |
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Munk |
Occipital lobe required for vision |
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Schwann (2 Things) |
Cell theory - all tissues are composed of cells Refined the miscroscope |
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Purkinje |
Observed cells in cerebellum |
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Deiters |
First to describe nerve cell fibers Dendrites + Axons |
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Golgi |
Showed neurons have 2 parts: cell body + thin tubes |
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Santiago Ramón y Cajal |
Deduced that nervous signals pass through dendrites and axons |
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Waldever |
Cell theory applies to nervous system Coined the term "neuron" |
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Virchow |
Founder of cellular pathology Nerve cells embedded in neuroglia |
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Nissl |
Developed a stain to distinguish between neurons and glia |
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What are the 5 levels of analysis in Neuroscience? |
Molecular Cellular Systems Behavioral Cognitive |
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What is Molecular Neuroscience? |
Study of neurotransmitters, second messengers, trophic factors |
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What is Cellular Neuroscience? |
Study of special properties of neurons and glia |
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What is Systems Neuroscience? |
Study of neural circuits like the visual and motor system |
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What is Behavioral Neuroscience? |
Study of how systems work to produce integrated behaviors |
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What is Cognitive Neuroscience? |
Study of neural mechanisms for language, self awareness and consciousness |
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What are the 3 components of a neuron? |
Soma Cytoplasm Cytosol |
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What is the cytosol rich in? |
Potassium |
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What are the 2 main roles of the neuronal nucleus? |
DNA Replication during mitosis in developing neurons Gene expression (transcription + translation) |
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What are the 2 exceptions to DNA replication in developing neurons only? |
Olfactory receptor neurons Hippocampus (Dentate Gyrus) |
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What 2 things make up a centrosome? |
2 Centrioles Surrounding pericentrolar material |
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Describe the structure of a centriole |
Contains 9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a circle which form a hollow tube |
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What is the microtubule organizing center? |
Centrosome/centriole
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What do cilia and flagella have that is similar to a centriole? |
A basal body/granule at their base |
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What is autolysis? |
Self-digestion of a cell through the action of its own enzymes such as lysosomal rupture Basis of rheumatoid arthritis |
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Lysosomes (5 Things) |
Arise from Golgi apparatus Contain digestive enzymes Contain proton pumps which gather H+ to maintain low pH Breakdown stored glycogen Release thyroid hormone from storage |
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What is another name for lysosomes? |
Acid hydrolases |
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Peroxisomes (2 Things) |
Contain oxidase enzymes which use Oxygen to detox harmful substances such as free radicals Self replicate via pinching of preexisting peroxisomes |
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What happens to a free radical when Peroxisomes act on it? |
It is converted to hydrogen peroxide |
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What does catalase do? |
An enzyme which converts hydrogen peroxide to water |
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What are 2 general facts about both smooth and rough ER? |
Extensive system of fluid-filled cavities (cisternae) that coil and twist through the cytoplasm Continuous with the nuclear membrane and account for 50% of the cell's total amount of membrane |
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Smooth ER (6 Things) |
Enzymes involved with lipid metabolism Enzymes involved with synthesis of cholesterol Synthesis of steroid hormones Absorption, synthesis, transport of lipids in intenstines Detox drugs in liver + kidneys Store calcium in skeletal m + heart + neurons |
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What enzyme is responsible for calcium uptake? |
Calcium ATPase |
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What 2 receptors are responsible for calcium release from the ER? |
IP3 receptors (ligand gated) Ryanodine receptors (ion gated) |
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Rough ER (4 Things) |
Major site of protein synthesis in neurons Makes membrane materials Found in cytoplasm and proximal dendrites (NOT AXONS) Abundant in secretory cells |
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What is a Nissl substance? (2 Things) |
A large granular body comprised of Rough ER More Rough ER can be found in glia and their staining reveals cytoarchitecture |
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What 2 faces do the Golgi of most secretory cells have? |
Forming face (cis) Releasing face (trans) |
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What 2 things does vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane require? |
Energy Free Ca+2 |
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Where in neurons can golgi complexes be found? |
In the cytoplasm and proximal dendrite (NOT AXONS) |
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What substance does the brain rely on for energy and why? |
Glucose The BBB excludes most other sources of energy |
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What can mitochondria burn under extreme conditions? |
Ketone bodies such as acetone |
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What is most of the ATP in the brain used for? |
Almost 70% of ATP in neurons is used to run Sodium-Potassium Pumps |
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What is an important function of brain mitochondria? |
Transient storage/buffering of intracellular calcium |
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What do large amounts of calcium in the mitochondrial matrix lead to? |
An alkaline environment which causes the formation of an osmotically inactive gel Alteration in permeability which allows calcium efflux and cytochrome c release |
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Astrocytes/Satellite Cells (4 Things) |
Envelope synaptic junctions Regulate chemical content Structural support for neuronal repair Induce BBB |
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Oligodendrocytes |
Form myelin in the CNS |
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Microglia (3 Things) |
Are Phagocytic Originate outside of CNS Derived from monocytes |
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Ependymal Cells (3 Things) |
Help make CSF (with choroid plexus) Line ventricles Direct cell migration during development |
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Schwann Cells |
Form myelin in the PNS Only associate with 1 axon (oligodendrocites can associate with multiple) |
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4 Examples of Animal Rights Statements |
Death of a mouse = Death of a child Keeping a pet = Keeping a slave Eating meat = Murder Controlling rodent population = Holocaust |
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4 Examples of Animal Welfare |
Animals used only for worthwhile experiments All steps taken to minimize pain All alternatives to use of animals are considered Adherence to ethical code |
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What are the 3 components of the Animal Welfare Ethical code? |
Research proposals must pass review by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Review for scientific merit by panel of scientists Prior to publication, manuscripts refereed by 2-3 experts for scientific merit and animal welfare concerns |
