Neurobiology Exam

Front 1

Rostral

Back 1

Anterior or Front

Front 2

Caudal

Back 2

Posterior or Back

Front 3

Dorsal

Back 3

Up

Front 4

Ventral

Back 4

Down

Front 5

Medial

Back 5

Closer to Midline

Front 6

Lateral

Back 6

Away from Midline

Front 7

Contralateral

Back 7

Opposite Side of the body or brain

Front 8

Ipsilateral

Back 8

Same Side

Front 9

Midsagittal

Back 9

Splitting (Brain) in equal left and right halves

Front 10

Horizontal Plane

Back 10

Parallel to ground. Splitting (brain) in upper half and lower half

Front 11

Coronal Plane

Back 11

Perpendicular to ground. Splitting (brain) in front and back halves.

Front 12

Cerebrum

Back 12

Largest and most rostral part of brain. Receives info contralaterally.

Front 13

Cerebellum

Back 13

Lies behind the cerebrum. Contains as many neurons as the cerebrum. Primarily a movement control center and connects to the cerebrum and spinal cord. Receives info ipsilaterally.

Front 14

The Brain Stem

Back 14

Forms the stalk from which the cerebrum and cerebellum sprout. Serves to relay info between cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord.

Front 15

The spinal cord

Back 15

Communicates with the body via the spinal nerves, which are part of the PNS. Consists of Dorsal Roots, and ventral roots.

Front 16

Dorsal Roots

Back 16

Contains afferent axons

Front 17

Ventral Roots

Back 17

Contains efferent axons

Front 18

The meninges

Back 18

Three membranes separating the brain and skull.

Front 19

Dura mater

Back 19

Outermost hard covering of the meninges.

Front 20

arachnoid membrane

Back 20

Middle membrane consisting of blood vessels that resemble a spider web.

Front 21

Pia mater

Back 21

innermost thin membrane of the meninges. Seperated from arachnoid membrane via Cerebrospinal Fluid.

Front 22

Ventricular System.

Back 22

Fluid filled caverns inside the brain.

Front 23

CT scans

Back 23

Creates 2D images of "slices" of the brain.

Front 24

MRI

Back 24

Yields more detailed images than CT scans. Creates a detailed image of the whole brain.

Front 25

fMRI/PET scans

Back 25

Detects changes in blood flow and metabolism in the brain, showing which regions are most active under certain conditions.

Front 26

Gray matter

Back 26

collection of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS.

Front 27

White matter

Back 27

Bundle of axons in the PNS

Front 28

Lemniscus

Back 28

A tract that meanders through the brain like a ribbon.

Front 29

Endoderm

Back 29

Gives rise to the lining of most internal organs

Front 30

Mesoderm

Back 30

Gives rise to bones and the muscles.

Front 31

Ectoderm

Back 31

Gives rise to nervous system and skin.

Front 32

Neural tube

Back 32

Fused neural folds. Gives rise to all neurons in the CNS.

Front 33

Neural Crest

Back 33

Pinched off neural ectoderm that gives rise to all neurons in the PNS.

Front 34

Neuralation

Back 34

Process by which the neural plate becomes the neural tube

Front 35

Differentiation

Back 35

Process by which brain structures become more complex and specialized.

Front 36

Prosencephalon

Back 36

Gives rise to the forebrain.

Front 37

Mesencephalon

Back 37

Gives rise to the midbrain.

Front 38

Rhombecencephalon

Back 38

Gives rise to the hindbrain.

Front 39

Diencephalon

Back 39

Structure that remains after the telencephalic vesicles and optic vesicles have formed.

Front 40

Telencephalon

Back 40

consists of the two cerebral hemispheres.

Front 41

Olfactory bulbs

Back 41

Pair of vesicles that sprout off the ventral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.

Front 42

Lateral ventricles

Back 42

fluid filled spaces that lie within the cerebral hemispheres

Front 43

Third ventricles

Back 43

space at the center of the diencephalon

Front 44

Cerebral aqueduct

Back 44

Connects rostrally with the third ventricle of the diencephalon.

Front 45

Hindbrain

Back 45

Consists of the cerebellum, the pons, and the medulla oblongata.

Front 46

Fourth ventricle

Back 46

CSF filled tube that is continuous with the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain.

Front 47

Sulci

Back 47

grooves in the surface of the cerebrum

Front 48

Gyri

Back 48

bumps on the surface of the cerebrum.

Front 49

Lobes of the cerebrum

Back 49

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobe. Divides the Primary Motor cortex and the Somatosensory cortex.

Front 50

Central Sulcus

Back 50

Divides the frontal and parietal lobe.

Front 51

Nerve I

Back 51

Olfactory- Sensation of smell

Front 52

Nerve II

Back 52

Optic- Sensation of vision

Front 53

Nerve III

Back 53

Oculomotor- Eye movement, and control of pupil dilation

Front 54

Nerve IV

Back 54

Trochlear- Movements of the eye

Front 55

Nerve V

Back 55

Trigeminal- Sensation of touch to the face and move of muscles of chewing muscles

Front 56

Nerve VI

Back 56

Abducens- Movements of the eye

Front 57

Nerve VII

Back 57

Facial- Movements of facial expression and sensation of taste in anterior 2/3 of tongue

Front 58

Nerve VIII

Back 58

Auditory-vestiubular- Sensation of hearing and balance

Front 59

Nerve IX

Back 59

Glossopharyngeal- Movement of muscles in the throat, parasympathetic control of the salivary glands, sensation of taste in posterior 1/3 of tongue, detection of blood pressure changes in the aorta

Front 60

Nerve X

Back 60

Vagus- Parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and abdominal organs, Sensation of pain associated with viscera, movement of muscles in the throat

Front 61

Nerve XI

Back 61

Movement of muscles in throat and neck

Front 62

Nerve XII

Back 62

Movement of the tongue

Front 63

Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

Back 63

GABA
Glutamate
Glycine

Front 64

Amines

Back 64

ACh
DA
Epinepherine
Histamine
NE
5-HT

Front 65

Transmitter-gated ion channels

Back 65

Membrane Spanning proteins consisting of four or five subunits that come together to form a pore between them.

Front 66

EPSP

Back 66

Causes depolarization. ACh-gated and glutamate-gated ion channels cause EPSP

Front 67

IPSP

Back 67

Causes hyperpolarization. Gaba-gated ion channels cause IPSP.

Front 68

G-coupled protein receptors

Back 68

1.Neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptor proteins embedded in the postsynaptic membrane.
2.The receptor proteins activate small proteins, called G-proteins, that are free to move along the intracellular face of the postsnyaptic membrane.
3.The activated G-proteins activate "effector" proteins.

Front 69

Second messengers

Back 69

enzymes that synthesize molecules that diffuse away into the cytosol that can regulate ion function and alter cellular metabolism.

Front 70

Metabotropic Receptors

Back 70

G-coupled protein receptors.

Front 71

Cholinergic

Back 71

Cells that produce and release ACh.

Front 72

Noradrenergic

Back 72

neurons that use the amine NE

Front 73

Glutamatergic

Back 73

Synapses that use glutamate

Front 74

GABAergic

Back 74

Synapses that use GABA

Front 75

Peptidergic

Back 75

Synapses that use peptides

Front 76

Cholinergic Receptors

Back 76

Nicotinic ACh receptors
Muscaranic ACh receptors

Front 77

Glutamate Receptors

Back 77

AMPA Receptors
NMDA Receptors
Kainate Receptors

Front 78

GABA Receptors

Back 78

GABAa
GABAb

Front 79

ATP Receptors

Back 79

P2x
A-type

Front 80

Tyrosine

Back 80

Precursor to DA, NE, and epinepherine

Front 81

Transmitter gated ion Channels

Back 81

Pentamer with alpha-1/2, beta, gama, and delta subunits.

Front 82

Amino-acid gated channels

Back 82

Mediate most of the fast synaptic transmission in the CNS.

Front 83

Breakdown of PIP2

Back 83

1. Activated G-proteins stimulate the enzyme PLC
2. PLC splits PIP2 into DAG and IP3
3. DAG stimulates the downstream enzyme protein kinase C
4. IP3 stimulates the release of Ca2+, which can go stimulate various enzymes

Front 84

Papillae

Back 84

Small projections on the surface of the tongue with one to several hundred taste buds.