Neurobio Test 2

Front 1

Rare enemy effect

Back 1

Dawkins

prey will not adopt to strategies of rare predators

Front 2

worm grunting

Back 2

stake in ground rubbed with metal stick

generates vibrations in ground that gets thousands of local earthworms reach surface

Front 3

Diplocardia mississip (worm) axon characteristics

Back 3

1 medial giant fiber and 2 lateral giant fibers

big axons

Front 4

what did darwin find about worms and escape response

Back 4

goin to surface is escape response from moles but that is dangerous too

Front 5

Life dinner principle

Back 5

worm would rather escape immediate danger from mole than not go to surface

Front 6

tentacle snake characteristics

Back 6

detect water motion of fish

very somatosensory sensitive

Front 7

tentacle snake optic tectum

Back 7

visual is superficial layer

somatosensory is below

Front 8

tentacle snake tentacle projects to the

Back 8

trigeminal nucleus

Front 9

C-start

Back 9

nervous system's response is either left or right bend in C shape away from the sound

Front 10

how long is the delay between the sound to the beginning of the C-start

Back 10

5.5 ms

Front 11

mauthner cell

Back 11

large neurons (1 on each side of brainstem) responsible for the escape response of fish

Front 12

only ____ from mauthner cell will trigger the c start

Back 12

1 action potential

Front 13

large myelinated club ending

Back 13

simultaneously a chemical and electrical synapse

Front 14

the axon of the mautner cell synapses on to it via

Back 14

large myelinated club ending

Front 15

what is the neurotransmitter that activates the large myelinated club ending of mauthner cells

Back 15

glutamate

Front 16

what happens if both mauthner cells are activated

Back 16

fish tenses up and contracts entire trunk; doesnt move

Front 17

Glycine opens ____ which inhibit action potentials of the mauthner cells

Back 17

Cl channels

Front 18

true or false

the 1st response of the mauthner cell will inhibit all other potentials ipsilaterally

Back 18

false, they are inhibited contralaterally

Front 19

purpose of axon cap

Back 19

to prevent mauthner cells from activating again in midst of on going behavior

Front 20

how does the axon cap inhibit the mauthner cell

Back 20

positive current is being injected and that keeps the cell depolarized preventing hyperpolarization and in turn preventing the possibility of a sequential AP being fired

Front 21

where is the decision of whether or not to fire an AP made

Back 21

axon cap

Front 22

true or false

tentacled snakes emit pressure waves that activate mauthner cells in fish

Back 22

true

Front 23

Ballistic Strike

Back 23

decision of where to strike is made in advance, prediction of where fish will be in the future

Front 24

characteristics of shrews

Back 24

tiny body, eyes, and ears

nocturnal mammal

semi-aquatic

broad feet with tiny hairs

sharp claws

Front 25

significance of the red of red tooth shrews

Back 25

iron deposit on tooth to slow wear on the teeth because their teeth do not continuously grow

Front 26

what is the shrew's main sense

Back 26

touch

Front 27

what are the shrew's two main cortical areas

Back 27

S1 and S2

Front 28

the touch map of shrew's is dominated by what body part

Back 28

whiskers

Front 29

whisker pathway of shrew

Back 29

whisker -> trigeminal ganglion -> trigeminal nucleus -> (midline) ->ventral posterior medial nucleus -> neocortex

Front 30

the whisker pathway is the same as what other pathway that we have covered

Back 30

the face pathway of humans

Front 31

cytochrome oxidase

Back 31

via the mitochondria, the most active parts of the brain can be shown

Front 32

barrelettes

Back 32

whisker representations in the brainstem trigeminal complex manifested as architectural sub-units

Front 33

what is the significance of the shrew's long tail

Back 33

used as counterbalance for tighter turns

Front 34

crayfish characteristics

Back 34

cold blooded

unmyelinated giant fibers

Front 35

saltatory conduction

Back 35

Na channels are concentrated at nodes of ranvier and the AP is regenerated

Front 36

a shrew's response to movement is how long

Back 36

1/20th of a second

Front 37

shrew's have small brains; what is the effect on response time

Back 37

small brains means short pathways which means fast processing which means fast response times

Front 38

the corpus collosum of shrews has about ____ connective fibers

Back 38

2 million

Front 39

____ get inputs from the front which activates ___ neurons of the whole tail to project the crayfish ___ to escape

Back 39

medial giant, 6, backward

Front 40

___ get inputs from the back which activates ___ segements of tail to escape ___

Back 40

lateral giant, 1st three, forward

Front 41

the hairs on crayfish tails are very sensitive to

Back 41

water motion

Front 42

how many afferents does each crayfish tail hair have

Back 42

2

Front 43

the crayfish hair afferents project to

Back 43

sensory interneurons and lateral giant

Front 44

what type of synapse are the dendrites of the lateral giant

Back 44

electrical

Front 45

hair afferent pathway

Back 45

hair afferent -> sensory interneuron -> lateral giant -> motor giant neuron -> muscle

hair afferent can also go straight to LG

Front 46

what happens if 2 hair cells receive input at the same time

Back 46

the AP is summed

Front 47

what happens if 2 hair cells receive at different times

Back 47

smaller EPSPs will occur because other rectifying electrical synapses will prevent positive current from flowing into the postsynaptic cell because a local presynaptic cell already depolarized and let in positive charge

fewer open channels because of local postsynaptic positivity

Front 48

for crayfish to inhibit the escape response, what is needed

Back 48

GABA

Front 49

tonic inhibition is dependent upon what

Back 49

GABA

Front 50

Donald Edwards

Back 50

studied coincidence detection in crayfish

Front 51

Ken Lohmann

Back 51

loggerhead sea turtles

Front 52

what sex do warmer incubation temps of sea turtle eggs produce

Back 52

females

Front 53

frenzy

Back 53

sea turtles detect each other hatching, make way up, then wait for night by sensing temp and go to the ocean

Front 54

what cue is the most important for turtle to get to ocean

Back 54

visual; the brightness of the ocean's shoreline

Front 55

true or false

turtles are metabolically geared to use energy in trying to find water

Back 55

true

Front 56

until they get into the water, what do turtles live off of

Back 56

the yolk sac they are born with

Front 57

Lost Year

Back 57

refers to how difficult it is to research and track turtle

Front 58

sea turtle current

Back 58

north atlantic gyre

Front 59

the sea is full of ____ seaweed

Back 59

sargossed

Front 60

the importance of the sargossed seaweed

Back 60

food and shelter

Front 61

human trash and life have brought ____ that feed on eggs

Back 61

predator scavangers

Front 62

the cue for turtle to get away from beach

and shallow water

Back 62

waves

Front 63

if the turtle's flippers are not on the ground what does the turtle do

Back 63

assumes its in water and begins to swim

Front 64

what is the longest lasting cue of turtles' directionality and position

Back 64

magnetic orientation

Front 65

what happens if the magnetic field is reversed

Back 65

the turtle turns around and swims toward the mag field

Front 66

survival rate of sea turtles

Back 66

1 in every 1000

Front 67

compass zones

Back 67

different areas on earth with different compositions, intensity, and lines of inclination

Front 68

proof of the innate recognition of mag fields

Back 68

magnetic cues present at specific spots in Gyre will cause turtle to change course whenever necessary

Front 69

can magnetic fields be learned

Back 69

yes

when looking for an island, search for the learned line of inclination and follow it until the island is found

Front 70

Jenifer Jarvis

Back 70

naked mole rat biology in Africa

Front 71

Alexander

Back 71

found that naked mole rats have act in a eusocial behavioristic colony

Front 72

what are the castes of different individuals preforming different tasks of naked mole rats

Back 72

defenders, gatherers, queen

Front 73

Karl van Frish

Back 73

dance language of bees

Front 74

what are the roles of different honey bees within a hive

Back 74

scouts, foragers, recruits, queen

Front 75

how do you gauge how well a hive is doing

Back 75

examine how long the line to give honey is

Front 76

Tom Seeley

Back 76

social organization of bees

hives on island

Front 77

round dance

Back 77

food source is within 50 m

Front 78

what is the purpose of the sensory hairs on bees' necks

Back 78

to perceive sense of gravity for accurate relation in waggle dance

Front 79

waggle dance

Back 79

conveys directional information

relative to the sun

food source is farther than 50 m

Front 80

how do bees know what flower to look for after another has performed a round dance

Back 80

that bee is covered in the pollen, so the others taste it to know

Front 81

the waggle in the waggle dance points toward

Back 81

the food source

Front 82

what is the relationship between waggle time and distance of food source

Back 82

the longer the waggle the further away the food

Front 83

true or false

bees have very developed eyes with incredible depth perception

Back 83

false

bees eyes are not as developed and have limited depth perception

Front 84

bees only measure the ____ trip to communicate the distance for the waggle

Back 84

outbound trip

Front 85

if two food sources are equidistant from the hive but one is uphill and the other is downhill, which bee's waggle is longer

Back 85

the bee that went uphill

Front 86

Srinivasan

Back 86

slits in the tube make the bee think it has traveled because narrowness of walls increases optic flow which makes it seem like its moving faster, therefore farther

Front 87

optic flow

Back 87

relationship b/w distance and visual scene

the further away something is, the slower the stimuli seems to move

Front 88

bees with weights flew lower to the ground so they thought they were flying faster and longer. why?

Back 88

the increase in optic flow

Front 89

skyscraper bee hive and food source experiment

Back 89

low optic flow because they were so high up; the visual scene moved slowly

bee thinks its moving slowly and therefore not far

shorter waggle dance as a result

Front 90

how is the value of the food source indicated

Back 90

by the length of the loop from the waggle

the shorter the loop, the better the food

Front 91

what does the waggle dance communicate to the other bees

Back 91

optic flow

Front 92

centering response

Back 92

bees fly in center of tunnel

bee receives visual cues to let it know where most distant area in environment is

bee adjusts for optic flow

Front 93

landing strategy of bees

Back 93

keep optic flow constant

as increment of descent decreases, optic flow increases, so as bee comes down, speed is decreased to keep OF constant

Front 94

are bees more accurate in landing on food source with landmarks

Back 94

yes; it is a set character for resetting the odometer

Front 95

what happens if the landmark that bees use to reset odometer is moved

Back 95

bees land in relation to where and how far away it was moved

Front 96

if optic flow is held constant, then ____ can be adjusted to keep velocity constant as well

Back 96

altitude

Front 97

Lindauer & Frisch

Back 97

when looking for new hive, bees did waggle dance on cluster

each scout goes to only one potential nest spot and all pitch how good it is, and all the bees democratically decide

Front 98

Wittlinger et al

Back 98

Defication flight

determined that ants measure distance between food and hole by counting stesps

Front 99

the visual system is designed to extract information about

Back 99

temporal and spatial change

Front 100

what are problems in determining homologies of pathways

Back 100

genetic programs/network solutions are conservative making homology and homoplasy difficult to parse

different areas have separate genetic programs

pathways reflect many genetic programs acting at many levels

Front 101

Harvey Karten & Jack Pettigrew

Back 101

studied bird vision

Front 102

blind spot

Back 102

creates hole in visual field proportional to distance that is filled by brain

no receptors cause point where axons and blood vessels leave

Front 103

do birds have a blind spot

Back 103

no

Front 104

middle part of bird eye

Back 104

pecten

Front 105

the pecten is responsible for

Back 105

nourishing retina with blood

Front 106

true or false

the fovea is filled with blood vessels and free of photoreceptors

Back 106

false; filled with photoreceptors and free of blood vessels

Front 107

sachadic oscilations of birds

Back 107

eye shakes, no good vision during the oscilation

the method by which the pecten distributes blood across retina

Front 108

what part of the eye sends signals to the brain about spatial and temporal contrast

Back 108

retina

Front 109

eye carries input to what areas of the brain

Back 109

lgn, hypothalamus, pretectum, superior colliculus

Front 110

pretectum

Back 110

pupil size and cilliary muscle regulation

Front 111

superior colliculus

Back 111

head and eye movements; attention

Front 112

how many muscles control eye movements

Back 112

6

Front 113

lgn projects to what part of the brain

Back 113

primary visual cortex

Front 114

why do birds have such high acuity

Back 114

they have 2 foveas

Front 115

conscious perception pathway (primates)

Back 115

retina -> lgn -> primary visual cortex -> V2 -> V4

V1 and V2 both also project to MT

Front 116

birds have large ___ that is similar to mammals' ____

Back 116

optic tectum, visual cortex

Front 117

true or false

some animals like squirrels have large optic tectums

Back 117

true

Front 118

optical imaging depends on what

Back 118

oxygen

Front 119

owls can turn neck far in order to ______ before sunset

Back 119

learn/memorize its environment

Front 120

purpose of owl's round face

Back 120

effect of feather distribution meant to collect sound

Front 121

purpose of owl's big wings

Back 121

dont need to flap much while hunting -> less flaps, less sound

feathers are padded so rubbing feathers reduces sound

Front 122

purpose of owl's long legs

Back 122

used to reach into vegetation

when legs pull up, claws dig deep powerfully into target

Front 123

what is the significance of owl coloration

Back 123

look up to see owl -> light ventral color blends in with light sky

look down to see owl -> dark dorsal color blends in with dark vegetation

Front 124

the wider the claw is spread,

Back 124

the better the attack

Front 125

the talon/claw has many structures that help with

Back 125

grip

Front 126

Roger Payne

Back 126

studied how owls find prey at night

Front 127

true or false

owls keep eyes open during attack

Back 127

false; close eyes

Front 128

Konish & Knudsen

Back 128

found that owls focus vision and auditory shiat simultaneously constantly

Front 129

the right ear opens ___ and the left ear opens ___

Back 129

up, down

Front 130

interaural intensity difference

Back 130

difference in intensity of sound between ears

Front 131

interaural timing difference

Back 131

difference in time of sound between ears

Front 132

ongoing disparity

Back 132

difference of internal components of sound

Front 133

the ongoing disparity gives info about

Back 133

the horizontal plane of the origin of sound

Front 134

transient disparity

Back 134

difference in of the onset and offset of sounds

Front 135

external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICX)

Back 135

map of auditory space in owls

Front 136

where does the ICX project to

Back 136

optic tectum

Front 137

ear pathway of owl

Back 137

8th cranial nerve and travels to the nucleus angularis and the nucleus magnocellularis

Front 138

phase locked

Back 138

particular phase of sound wave produces action potentials

the nucleus is very sensitive that part of sound wave

Front 139

nucleus magnocellularis cell physiology

Back 139

afferent wraps around

ligand-gated glutamate channels

voltage gated K channels

Front 140

what is the significance of the ligand-gated glutamate channels and voltage gated K channels of nucleus magnocellularis cells

what does this provide

Back 140

cell is quickly depoarized and then quickly repolarize

provides more timing info

Front 141

nucleus angularis cells are more responsive to

Back 141

intensity cues

Front 142

nucleus magnocellularis cells are more responsive to

Back 142

timing differences

Front 143

nucleus laminaris

Back 143

processes temporal disparity info to convert time disparities into a map of auditory space

Front 144

lidocaine

Back 144

voltage gated K blocker

can selectively and reversibly inhibit one of the craniel nerve nuclei

Front 145

Loyd Jeffress

Back 145

delay lines and coincidence detectors in the nucleus laminaris

Front 146

in the nucleus laminaris, the axons act as the ____ and the neurons at as the ____

Back 146

delay lines, coincidence detectors

Front 147

Carr and Konishi

Back 147

found that the NA and the NM both project to the nucleus laminaris

Front 148

Screech owl name

Back 148

demi

Front 149

barn owl name

Back 149

micha

Front 150

animal rehabilitation center

Back 150

walden's puddle

Front 151

asymmetry of ears allows for differences in

Back 151

intensity detection

Front 152

ongoing disparity is rich in what type of cues

Back 152

timing cues

Front 153

does the nucleus magnocellularis project across the midline

Back 153

yes

Front 154

in the magnocellularis afferent, how is the AP slowed

Back 154

the nodes of ranvier are closer together

fibers are very thin

Front 155

optic tectum of owls

Back 155

vision

auditory

Front 156

central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) displays

Back 156

a map of interaural time disparities

Front 157

phase ambiguity

Back 157

cells cannot tell the difference in start of sound because coincidence detectors still detect a coincidence

APs fire in sync

Front 158

where is shiat integrated to eliminate phase ambiguity

Back 158

ICX

Front 159

why is the ICC/ITD/nucleus laminaris not considered a map

Back 159

because of phase ambiguity

Front 160

ICX is a map of

Back 160

auditory space

Front 161

tarantula hawk wasp

Back 161

tarantula is paralyzed in the PNS

lays eggs inside and babies feed on host from inside

Front 162

manipulation of host behavior

a wasp will lay eggs in caterpillars; what happens

Back 162

pupas attach to host's brain and the caterpillar is induced to fight and protect larvae

Front 163

manipulation of host behavior

wasp lays eggs on spider; what happens

Back 163

larvae feed on hemolymph of spider; once they have grown too big, they induce the spider to build caccoon specialized web, then kill the spider

Front 164

manipulation of host behavior

hair worm parasitizes crickets; what happens

Back 164

cricket begins to seek water and commits suicide; the parasite's genes are being expressed within the cricket; the cricket also bites more often

Front 165

change in host's physical structure

flatworm parasitizes birds/amphibians; what happens

Back 165

grossly alters body plan of host during its development to fit the flatworm's survival needs

Front 166

Libersat

Back 166

Jewel wasp and cockroaches

Front 167

where does the jewel wasp sting the cockroach

Back 167

first, the thoracic ganglion that controls the front legs, then its soft underpart of the head to the brain

Front 168

the cocktail of venom injected into the cockroach is composed of _____ opens ____ for central synaptic ____ and temporary paralysis of cockroach

Back 168

GABA, Taurine, and beta-alanine; Cl channels; block

Front 169

the wasp stinger is covered in ____ that lets the wasp feel its way to the cockroach brain

Back 169

mechanoreceptors and hemoreceptors

Front 170

result of the two stings

Back 170

cockroach first grooms itself

wasp leaves, finds hole, returns, clips antennae and drinks blood

takes roach back to hole

lays egg on soft part of 2nd leg

Front 171

what does the larvae of the jewel wasp do to the cockroach

Back 171

bites soft part of leg, drinks blood, and then digs its way into the host and feeds on its insides

Front 172

the inside of cockroaches are filled with ____

Back 172

harmful bacteria

Front 173

what do the larvae do make the inside of cockroaches habitable

Back 173

sanitize the inside with a blend of antimicrobials and emit fumes that limit bacterial growth