Neurobio Test #1 Vocabulary

Front 1

Anterograde

Back 1

going forward; used when a person traces neural connections from their source to their termination

Front 2

Aphasia

Back 2

The loss ofpreviously held ability to speak or understand spoken or written language, dueto injury or disease of the brain

Front 3

Associational systems

Back 3

neural cell circuits that are not part of the relatively defined sensory (input) and motor (output) systems; they mediate the most complex and least well defined brain functions

Front 4

Blastula

Back 4

a hollow sphere of cells, referredto as blastomeres, surrounding an inner fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel formed during an early stage of embryonic development in animals.

Front 5

Broca’s area

Back 5

region in the frontal lobe of the brain that stores the patterns of muscle movements necessary for speech production

Front 6

Chordoma

Back 6

is a rare disease in which the notochord does not degenerate during development. It becomes a cancerous tumor.

Front 7

Cleavage

Back 7

the fertilized cell dividing

Front 8

Commissures

Back 8

axon tracts that cross the midline of the brain

Front 9

Ganglion

Back 9

a mass of nerve tissue containing cell bodies of neurons that is located outside the central nervous system and forms an enlargement upon a nerve or upon two or more nerves at their point of junctionor separation

Front 10

Gastrulation

Back 10

The period time in the developing embryo when mesoderm forms and the nervous systembegins to develop

Front 11

Glial cells

Back 11

most abundant type of cell in nervous system, surround neurons and provide support and insulation between them

Front 12

Morula

Back 12

a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed

Front 13

Multipolar neuron

Back 13

A neuron with one axon and three or more dendrites.

Front 14

Neural crest cells

Back 14

neural crest cells are the cells on the edges of the neural plate. They form the neuroectodermal junction. As the neural tube forms they are the cells that appear to rise up and form ridges therefore the name neural crest cells. This apparent rising up is caused by the rapid rate of growth in the neural plate.

Front 15

Neuroectoderm

Back 15

gives rise to the entire nervous system

Front 16

Neurulation

Back 16

the process of forming a nervous system

Front 17

Nissl Bodies

Back 17

"Nisslbodies" are granules that show up in nerve cell bodies as part of therough ER. In some neurological diseases Nissl bodies disappear, signifying that some proteins were missing

Front 18

Noggin

Back 18

endogenous antagonist, binds to bone morphogenetic proteins, leads to neuroectoderm becoming part of the nervous system instead of epidermis

Front 19

Notochord

Back 19

a transient, cylindrical structure of mesodermalcells underlying the neural plate in vertebrate embryos. Source of important inductive signals for neural development

Front 20

Oligodendrocyte

Back 20

a glial cell in the central nervous system that forms the myelin sheaths of the neurons

Front 21

Preganglionic

Back 21

anterior or proximal to a ganglion; specifically: being, affecting, involving, or relatingto a usually myelinated efferent nerve fiber arising from a cell body in thecentral nervous system and terminating in an autonomic ganglion

Front 22

Primitive streak

Back 22

An ectodermal ridge in the midline at the cranial end of the embryonic disk caused by the ectoderm forming the mesoderm

Front 23

Pseudo-unipolarneurons

Back 23

sensory neurons with cell bodies in spinal and cranial nerve ganglia. The cells appear unipolar withonly one process but they began as bipolar cells and assumed the unipolar look as they developed

Front 24

Retinoic Acid

Back 24

comes from Vitamin A and is needed so the nervous system can develop properly. It is necessary for the differentiation of the neural stem cells.

Front 25

Somatopleur

Back 25

Layer in the embryo that forms from the mesoderm. It will ultimately form the connective tissue and muscle of the body wall.

Front 26

Somites

Back 26

segmentally arranged masses of mesoderm that lie alongside the neural tube and give rise to the skeletal muscle of the back and the vertebrae.

Front 27

Splanchnopleur

Back 27

a layer that forms from the mesoderm of the embryo. It gives rise tothe muscles and connective tissue of the digestive system

Front 28

Superior Colliculus + Inferior Colliculus

Back 28

Two hill like structures that arise from the superior surface of the mesencephalon. They are involved with reflex activity: the superior colliculus is involved with visual reflexes and the inferior colliculus with auditory reflexes.

Front 29

Trophoblast Cells

Back 29

are the outer cells of the blastocyst/blastula. Trophoblasts will attach to the uterine wall and become the fetal contribution to the placenta

Front 30

Unipolar neuron

Back 30

have no dendrite processes and have only one axon

Front 31

Varicosity

Back 31

An enlargement or bump on a structure. It may be normal (in thedendrites) or abnormal (in veins).

Front 32

Wernicke’s area

Back 32

area where we have language functions, where we make meaning to language and meaning to words. It is dominant in the left hemisphere in 95% of the population. Of the remaining 5%, 2.5% are right hemisphere dominant and 2.5% bidominant.