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243 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Brain=
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cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
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somatic nerves are:
somatic nerves supply: |
spinal nerves
skeletal muscle |
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gray matter is made up of
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cell bodies of neurons
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nucleus is made of cell bodies of the
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brain or spinal cord in the CNS
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ganglion are made of cell bodies
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outside the CNS
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the cortex is the outer covering of
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cell bodies
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white matter is made up of
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axons of the neurons
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4 divisions of white matter
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tracts
fasciculus peduncle lemniscus |
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white matter tracts are named for their
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site of origin to their site of termination
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when looking at the brain stem the term anterior is also called
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ventral
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when looking at the cerebrum the term anterior is also called
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rostral
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rostral means
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towards the beak (nose)
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the earliest signs of human interest in the brain occurred when
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7000 years ago
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the process when holes are bored into the skull
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trepanation
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5000 years ago the Egyptians believed the ____ was the seat of the soul and memories
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heart
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Who was the first to postulate that the brain was the site of sensation and intelligence
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Hippocrates
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Who thought that the heart was where intelligence was located and the brain was used for cooling of the blood
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Aristotle
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Who divided the brain into 2 parts and concluded that fluid carried sensation
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Galen
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The brain is divided into 2 sections:
Cerebrum for Cerebellum for |
sensation
motor |
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Who proposed the fluid-mechanical theory
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Descartes
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These two people discovered that electrical current would make muscles move
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Galvani and Bois-Reymond
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Bell and Magendie found that
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there are 2 parts to a nerve, sensory and motor
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Who discovered that the cerebrum was sensory and cerebellum was motor
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Flourens
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Flourens used what technique to discover that where the brain was destroyed there were certain deficiencies
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ablation technique
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Who was the first person to suggest that areas of the brain have certain function
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Gall
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Nissl stain was used to stain the
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nucleus and nissl bodies
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Nissl stain is important for 2 reasons
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distinguish neruons from glial cells and gave the ability to study the brain
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Nucleus and nissl bodies contain a lot of __ so they stain ___
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RNA: dark
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A stain that showed the entire neuron was discovered by
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Golgi
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The problem with the Golgi stain was that
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you couldn't see nucleus or nissl bodies
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Who concluded that nerves communicate by contact not continuity
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Cajal
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The neuron doctorine states that
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the neuron is the functional cell of the nervous system
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The spherical central part of the neuron
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cell body
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The cell membrane of the cell body has 3 functions:
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1. blocks diffusion of water
2. selectively permeable to ions 3. transduces information by using receptors |
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Integral proteins form what
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channels, carriers and pumps that go through both layers of the membrane
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Peripheral proteins form what
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receptors which respond to neurotransmitters
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The cell nucleus uses __ times the amount of genetic material as any other cells
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10 x
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Heterochromatin stains ___ and is ___ DNA
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dark: unused
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Euchromatin stains ___ and is __ DNA
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light: used
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The nucleus has a prominent nucleoulus which indicates
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a high protein synthesis rate
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An accessory body of Cajal is
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inactive X chromosome in a female cell (ONLY IN FEMALES)
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Nissl bodies are made of
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RER, ribosomes, and polysomes
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Neurons lack the ability to store
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glycogen
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Mitochondria are important in energy production but are dependent on
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blood glucose levels and oxygen levels
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A protein synthetic cell
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neuron
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The initial segment has a dark staining band called the
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dense undercoating
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Axons are different than cell bodies in that they are devoid of
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organelles
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The axon usually has ___ that increases conduction velocity of the neuron with spaces between called___
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myelin sheath: nodes of Ranvier
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The branches of the axon
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axon collaterals
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If the axon collaterals communicate with their own cell bodies or dendrites it is called
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recurrent collaterals
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Transition between the axon and cell body
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axon hillock
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The most excitable area of the axon
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initial segment
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The axon terminal is different because:
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contains synaptic vesicles and there are numerous mitochondria
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Axon carries the action potential __ from the neuron cell body
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away
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Dendrites carries the action potential __ the cell body
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toward
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This is the receptive area of the neuron
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dendrites
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Small projections on the dendrites that increase the receptive area of the neuron
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dendritic spines
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Any dendrite that contacts the cell body is known as
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primary dendrites
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A cell body with a single neurite off of it is considered what kind of neuron
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unipolar
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A cell body that looks like it has one neurite coming off of it but is actually two
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pseudounipolar
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Pseudounipolar neurons are usually found in what sensory system
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general sensory systems
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Pseudounipolar neurons are best seen in what ganglion
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dorsal root ganglion (DRG)
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A cell body with 2 neurites at opposite ends of the cell
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bipolar
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This type of neuron deals with special senses
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bipolar
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A cell body with 3 or more neurites
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multipolar
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The most numerous type of neurons in the human body
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multipolar
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This type of neuron is best seen in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
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multipolar
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The most primitive type of neuron
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unipolar
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This type of neuron has long axons that form tracts
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Golgi type I
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This type of neuron has short axons that DONT extend beyong the vicinity of the cell body
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Golgi type II
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A synapse can be classified based on it's connectiong into groups:
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1. axoaxonic
2. axodendritic 3. axosomatic 4. dendrodendritic 5. neuromuscular |
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Which types of synapses are seen in the CNS
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axoaxonic, axodendritic, axosomatic, dendrodendritic
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This type of synapse if found in the periphery
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neuromuscular (motor end plate)
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These types of synapses are involved in control of the nervous system
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axoaxonic and dendrodendritic
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What type of synapses are primarily related to action potential transmission
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axodendritic and axodendritic
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2 major organelles are found in the synapse
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mitochondria and synaptic vesicles
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Proteins associated with the synapse appear to lead to
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release of neurotransmitters
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Proteins are the receptors for
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neurotransmitters
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Proteins on the membrane will join with proteins on the synaptic vesicles in the presence of
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calcium
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When the proteins fuse together what happens in the synaptic cleft
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the neurotransmitter is exocytosed into the cleft
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The postsynaptic membrane is supported by
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synaptic web
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A type of synapse with asymmetrical membranes with the postsynaptic being thicker and round synaptic vesicles
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Gray type I
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Gray type I synapses are (excitatory/inhibitory)
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excitatory
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This type of synapse is symmetrical with ovoid synaptic vesicles
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Gray type II
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Gray type II synapses are (excitatory/inhibitory)
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inhibitory
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There are 4 types of support cells (glial cells)
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astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal and microglia
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The most numerous support cell in the NS
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astrocytes
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Glial cells make up what percentage of cells in the brain
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90
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The cytoplasm of astrocytes contains
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granules with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
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These cells are ALWAYS between blood capillaries and neurons
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astrocytes
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3 main functions of an astrocyte
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scavenger, support, storage
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Type of astrocyte with thin process, found in the white matter and used for metabolic transfer
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fibrous
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type of astrocyte with thick processes, satellite cells, found in gray matter
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protoplasmic
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Myelin making cell found in the CNS
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oligodendrocyte
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Myelin making cell found in the PNS
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schwann cell
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These glial cells can serve as a potassium buffer because they can move potassium across their membrane
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oligodendrocytes
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These glial cells have been found lining the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord
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ependymal cells
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These glial cells are important in the formation of CSF
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ependymal cells
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These cells are generaly cuboidal to columan in shape and are generally found close to a capillary
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ependymal cells
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This type of ependymal cells line ventricles, are absorptive cells and help move CSF
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ependymocytes
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This type of ependymal cells if found in the 3rd ventricle, transports chemicals to the hypophyseal portal system
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tanycytes
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The hypophyseal portal system is found where
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between the brain and pituitary gland
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What type of ependymal cells produce CSF
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choroids epithelial cells
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The macrophages of the brain
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microglia
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These cells are derived from mesoderm and develop from blood monocytes
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microglia
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Who demonstrated that axons couldn't be sustained when they are separated from the parent cell body
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Waller
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Wallerian degeneration is
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when the axon can't live when it is disconnected from the cell body
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Who propsed the concept of axonal transport
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Weiss
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2 types of axonal transport
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anterograde and retrograde
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Anterograde transport is associated with what attachment protein
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kinesin
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Retrograde transport is associated with what attachment protein
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dynein
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The movement of material from the cell body to the axon terminal is called
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anterograde
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2 types of anterograde transport
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slow and fast
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Which anterograde transport is responsible for repair and renewal
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slow
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Which anterograde transport if responsible for conveying membrane bound organelles
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fast
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Movement from the axon terminal to the cell body
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retrograde
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This transport is used for the destruction and recycling of old material
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retrograde
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Axonal transport along microtubles has 2 functions
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1.support axon
2.run length of axon and used to transport |
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Myelin is made up of a proteophospholipid complex of
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70% lipid 30% protein
(same makeup of cell membrane) |
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Who proposed the Jelly roll theory
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Bunge
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Early in the process of myelinization this is situated between the myelin and the axon
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myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG)
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The MAG acts as
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adhesive
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The action potential jumps to these between the myelin segments
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Nodes of Ranvier
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As the scwann cells rotate they squeeze out neuroplasm. Why
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allows the cell membranes to contact each other so they will fuse
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These are areas where cytoplasm gets trapped between the membranes leading to incomplete fusion
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Schmidt-Lanterman clefts
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3 general rules about myelinization
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1. sensory paths are first
2. projection neurons before association neurons 3. occipital pole before the temporal and frontal poles |
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Association neurons are associated with
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thinking and formulating complex ideas
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Projection neurons are associated with
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performance tasks
ex. moving arm |
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This is a disorder where the neurons demyelinate
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multiple sclerosis
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This type of ganglia is characteristic to have multipolar neurons with eccentric (off centered) nuclei
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autonomic
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There are sparse amounts of satellite cells in this type of ganglia
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autonomic
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Small interneurons within the autonomic ganglia
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small intensely fluorescent cells (SIF)
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This type of ganglia is characterized by pseudounipolar neurons with centrally placed nuclei
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craniospinal
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The craniospinal ganglia are used for what sensory system
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general sensory system
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Delicate connective tissue around each and every axon
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endoneurium
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Connective tissue forming nerve bundles
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perineurium
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Connective tissue which is around an entire nerve (many nerve bundles)
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epineurium
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Distal to axon injury what happens
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the axon degenerates
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What happens to the cell body and nucleus of an injured neuron
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cell body swells and nucleus shifts to side of cell
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If an axon sprout does not find the myelin tube what will form
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axon tangle
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A pignotic nucleus is caused by
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chromatin material going into heterochromatin stage (protects DNA)
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CNS develops from what
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ectoderm
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The primary inducer for NS development is
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notocord
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Neuralation always begins where
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at the 4th somite
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Below the 4th somite becomes what
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spinal cord
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Above the 4th somite becomes what
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brain
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This appears between the buccopharyngeal membrane and the primitive node
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neural plate
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These elevate and form the neural tube
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neural folds
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The process going from neural plate to neural tube is called
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neurulation
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When does the anterior (cranial) neuropore close
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25 days
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When does the posterior (caudal) neuropore close
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27 days
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The lateral margin of the neural plate doesn't make the neural tube, instead it makes
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neural crest cells
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These allow movement of fluids to balance out fluid flow
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neuropores
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This occurs when the neuropores do not close on time
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anencephalic baby (cerebrum doesn't form)
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Prosencephalon=
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forebrain
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Mesencephalon=
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midbrain
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Rhombencephalon=
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hindbrain
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The part of the 3 vesicle brain with the fastest mitotic rate
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prosencephalon
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Two flexures in the 3 and 5 vesicle brain
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cervical and cephalic
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The cervical flexure is between
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the rhombencephalon and spinal cord
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The cephalic flexure is between
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the mesencephalon and rhombencephalon
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Parts of the 3 vesicle brain:
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prosencephalon
mesencephalon rhombencephalon |
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In the 5 vesicle brain the prosencephalon develops into
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telencephalon and diencephalon
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In the 5 vesicle brain the mesencephalon develops into
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mesencephalon
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In the 5 vesicle brain the rhombencephalon develops into
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metencephalon and myelencephalon
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The fastest rate of mitosis in the 5 ventricle brain occurs where
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telencephalon
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In the adult brain the telencephalon is
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cerebrum
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In the adult brain the diencephalon is
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thalmus
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In the adult brain the mesencephalon is
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midbrain
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In the adult brain the metencephalon is
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pons and cerebellum
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In the adult brain the myelencephalon is
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medulla
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2 landmarks in the 5 vesicle brain
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rhombencephalic isthmus and pontine flexure
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The rhombencephalic isthmus is present between
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mesencephalon and metencephalon
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The pontine flexure is present between
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metencephalon and myelencephalon
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The eye is an outgrowth of the
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diencephalon
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Which sone of the neural tube lines the lumen
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ventricular zone
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The zone of the neural tube where DNA is replicated and prepare for mitosis
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ventricular zone
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This layer of the neural tube gives rise to neurons and macroglial cells
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ventricular zone
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This protein is needed for glial cell production
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GFAP (flial fibrillary acid protein)
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This layer of the neural tube gives rise to neurons and glial cells
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subventricular zone
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2 areas that retain the ability to undergo mitosis
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rhombic lip and ganglion eminence
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Rhombic lip will give rise to
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cerebellum
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Ganglion eminence will give rise to
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basal ganglia
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The mantle zones adult derivatives are
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gray matter of the CNS (cell bodies)
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The marginal zones adult derivatives are
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white matter of the CNS (axons)
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Ependymal zone of the neural tube consists of
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ventricular zone and subventricular zone
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This zone of neural tube development is only found in embryonic NS
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ependymal zone
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The mantle zone forms 2 masses of cells
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alar plate and basal plate
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This plate of the mantle zone will form sensory neurons
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alar plate
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This plate of the mantle zone will for motor neurons
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basal plate
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Neuroepithelial cells give rise to
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multipotent stem cells
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Multipotent stem cells give rise to
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bipotential progenitor cells
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Bipotential progenitor cells give rise to
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neuronal progenitor cells and glial progenitor cells
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Neuronal progenitor cells develop into
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apolar neuroblast
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A multipotent stem cell only becomes a neuronal progenitor cell when
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GFAP is absent
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In the presence of GFAP and multipotent stem cell turns into
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glial progenitor cell
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Glial progenitor cells have 3 pathways:
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radial progenitor
astrocyte progenitor o-2A progenitor |
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Radial progenitor cells produce
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ependymal and astrocytes
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Astrocyte progenitor cells produce
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astrocytes
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0-2A progenitor cells produce
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oligodendrocytes and astrocytes
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Neural crest cells meet at junction of
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neural tube and surface ectoderm
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All of the neural crest cells do this
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migrate
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The only glial cell to develop from another cell line is the ____ which form from
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microglia: mesenchyme
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The alar plates grow towards surface and towards each other and make
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dorsal horns
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The basal plates grow toward each other and make
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ventral horns
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This is not located in the cervical and sacral areas
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lateral horns
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Lateral horns are found at these levels
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T1-L3
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The sympathetic NS arises from which plate
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both alar and basal
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GSA=
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general somatic afferent
exterioception= monitor outside world proprioception= where you are in space |
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GVA=
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general visceral afferent
interioception= internal stimuli (ex. somach ache) |
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SSA=
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special somatic afferent
eye, ear (sight, hearing, balance) |
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SVA=
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special visceral afferent
nose, taste |
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Afferent nerves carry info
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to the CNS
aka sensory nerve |
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Efferent nerves carry info
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away from CNS
aka motor nerve |
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GSE=
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general somatic efferent
skeletal muscle |
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GVE=
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general visceral efferent
smooth, cardiac muscle (involuntary muscles) |
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SVE=
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special visceral efferent
pharyngeal arch muscles |
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What layer gives rise to white matter of the spinal cord
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marginal layer
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This zone gives rise to ALL neurons and macroglial cells of the spinal cord
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ventricular zone
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In the myelencephalon the lumen changes shape and becomes the
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4th ventricle
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Three masses that are derived from alar plate in the myelencephalon
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SSA, GVA, GVE
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The bulbopontine extension turns into
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olivari complex
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The olivari complex is derived from____ therefore it is ____
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alar plate: sensory
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The basal plate of the myelencephalon for these nuclei
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SVE, GVE, GSE
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In the metencephalon the bulbo pontine extension develops into
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pontine nuclei
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The pontine nuclei are sensory/motor
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sensory
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This develops on the anterior portion of the metencephalon and is the adult cerebellum
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rhombic lip
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In the mesencephalon the basal plate forms the
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tegmentum
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The tegmentum of the mesencephalon is divided into 2 parts
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dorsal area
ventral area |
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The ventral area of the mesencephalon develops into
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cerebral peduncle
red nucleus substantia nigra |
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The cavity of the mesencephalon narros to form the ___ and the roof plate develops into the ___
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cerebral aqueduct
superior medullary velum |
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The superior colliculus is for what reflexes
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visual
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The inferior colliculus is for what reflexes
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auditory
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The alar plate in the mesencephalon will develop into
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superior or inferior colliculus
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The substantia nigra and red nucleus develop from which plate and have control over what system
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alar and basal
(both sensory and motor) motor system control |
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The adult corpus striatum in the diencephalon develops into
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caudate and lentiform nuclei
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The pallium in the telencephalon forms the
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neopallium and paleopallium
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The neopallium of the telencephalon forms the
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neocortex
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The paleopallium of the telencephalon forms the
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internal capsule
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The pituitary gland develops from what tissues
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endoderm (Rathke's pouch of the oral cavity) and ectoderm (hypothalamus)
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The caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus makes the
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basal ganglia
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90% of the cerebrum is the
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neocortex
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10% of the cerebrum is the
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paleocortex
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