Neuroanatomy Test 1 Part 3

Front 1

How many lobes is each hemisphere divided into? What are they?

Back 1

4 lobes, the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobe

Front 2

What are the boundaries of the frontal lobe?

Back 2

from tip of brain back to the central sulcus

Front 3

What are the boundaries of the parietal lobe?

Back 3

from the central sulcus to the "imaginary line"= the parieto-occipital fissure

Front 4

What are the boundaries of the temporal lobe?

Back 4

inferior to the lateral fissure, separated from the occipital lobe by the pre-occipital notch

Front 5

what are the boundaries of the occipital lobe?

Back 5

it is bounded anteriorally by the parietal and temporal lobes. It is the most posterior.

Front 6

What is the insula?

Back 6

other cortical areas, not part of lobes,buried in the depths of the lateral sulcus. They are hidden by parts of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes.

Front 7

What is the operculum?

Back 7

If you open up the temporal lobe, it is the parts that overhang and make up the roof of the insula.

Front 8

What are the three different parts of the operculum called?

Back 8

the frontal, temporal, and parietal operculum

Front 9

What is another name for the transverse auditory gryus?

Back 9

the Gyrus of Heschl or Transverse Temporal Gyrus

Front 10

Cingulate Gyrus- does it belong to a lobe?

Back 10

No, it is just connected.

Front 11

Cingulate Gyrus- where is it located and what is it connected to?

Back 11

- medial location- immediately superior to corpus callosum
- connected to corpus callosum, olfactory bulb, limbic system

Front 12

What is the function of the Cingulate Gyrus?

Back 12

emotional responses and drive related behaviors

Front 13

What are the anatomical divisions of Gyri in the frontal lobe?

Back 13

- Superior Frontal Gyrus
- Middle Frontal Gyrus
- Inferior Frontal Gyrus
and the Pre-Central Gyrus

Front 14

Pre-Frontal Lobe- what does it do?

Back 14

executive functions, personality. Not motor. You are your pre-frontal cortex!

Front 15

Pre-Motor lobe- where is it, what does it do?

Back 15

It is everything from the pre-frontal to the pre-central gyrus
- related to motor activity

Front 16

Pre-Central Gyrus- what does it do?

Back 16

- primary motor cortex- aka motor strip
- initiates (commands) all concious, voluntary activity
- influenced by other areas, such as pre-motor

Front 17

What does the Pre-Central Gyrus do regarding motor activity that is different from the other areas?

Back 17

the Pre-Central Gyrus just gives the command, the rest of the brain refines activity

Front 18

contralateral

Back 18

- fibers originate on one side of the brain
- decussate (cross over)
- innervate opposite side of body

Front 19

ipsilateral

Back 19

fiber tracts originate and innervate same side

Front 20

Homunculus

Back 20

- map of body in cortical areas (outer cortical layer)
- voluntary motor activity, motor strip

Front 21

Superior Frontal Gyrus- Where is it located?
-perpendicular to __________________
- from central fissure down towards _______________
- medially it goes down to meet _________________

Back 21

- perpendicular to pre-central gyrus
- from central fissure down towards frontal pole
- medially it goes down to meet cingulated gyrus

Front 22

Superior Frontal Gyrus- what is it concerned with?

Back 22

secondary motor- articulatory speech

Front 23

Inferior Frontal Gyrus- where is it located?

Back 23

posterior portion of the 3rd frontal convolution

Front 24

Where is Broca's area?

Back 24

in left hemisphere of inferior frontal gyrus

Front 25

What is Broca's area concerned with?

Back 25

voluntary speech (language production)

Front 26

What does damage to Broca's Area and neighboring areas result in?

Back 26

Broca's Aphasia- impaired language formulation and/or articulatory problems. Mild comprehension problems, problems with sentence construction and syntax, only minor artic. problems

Front 27

If there is damage to Broca's area and the Insula is also compromised what happens?

Back 27

We have Apraxia of speech- inability to voluntarily move the articulators to produce speech

Front 28

In summary, what are the functions of the frontal lobe?

Back 28

- conciousness- how do we know what we are doing?
- executive functioning
- how do we initiate activity?
- judgements we make about what occurs in daily life
- control emotional responses
- assign meaning to words
- word associations
- memory for habits and motor activities

Front 29

What are the 3 areas of the frontal cortex/lobe?

Back 29

- Pre-Frontal
- Pre-Motor
- Pre- Central
areas

Front 30

If you damage Broca's area what occurs?

Back 30

problems with articulation formulation/language production and written language

Front 31

What are some observed problems that occur with frontal lobe damage?

Back 31

- loss of movement contralaterally (paralysis)
- unable to plan sequences of events
- loss of flexibility in thinking
- changes in personality and mood
- inability to express language (aka Broca's Aphasia)
- perseverate, distraction, concrete ,emotionally labile, fragmented bx.

Front 32

What are the areas of interest to us in the Parietal Lobe? (name them, there are 4)

Back 32

- Postcentral Gyrus
- Supramarginal Gyrus
- Angular Gyrus
- Arcuate Fasciculus

Front 33

Supramarginal Gyrus

Back 33

Parietal Lobe. "Caps" the upturned end of the lateral sulcus.

Front 34

Angular Gyrus

Back 34

Parietal Lobe. Posterior to Supramarginal gyrus.

Front 35

Arcuate Fasciculus

Back 35

-From parietal lobe to middle frontal gyrus
-Not visible on lateral view; must go inside to see.
- Not a gyrus; it is an anatomical landmark.
- white matter
- links two areas- Wernicke's and Broca's
-association fiber

Front 36

What does the Parietal Lobe do?

Back 36

Plays important role in ability to discriminate size, shape, texture, maintaining body position in space.
- location for visual attention and touch perception
- manipulation of objects
- integration of different senses that allow understanding a single concept

Front 37

Postcentral Gyrus- where is it, what is it's function?

Back 37

- parallel to precentral gyrus, but more posterior
- sensory cortex; receives sensation
- initial cortical processing of tactile and proprioceptive info

Front 38

What percentage of people with right hemisphere damage will have left side neglect?

Back 38

90%

Front 39

What is left side neglect?

Back 39

- half of field of vision is "not seen"
- can affect personal space- left side is "not there"
- visual fields jumbled- not a sensory problem
- it is more common to have it with damage to the right hemisphere

Front 40

How common is contralateral side neglect in patients with injury in the left side of the parietal lobe?

Back 40

- One third or less of patients will show right side neglect

Front 41

What are some general problems that occur with parietal lobe damage?

Back 41

- unable to attend to more than one object at a time
- anomia, agraphia (not able to write), alexia (not able to read), acalculalia
- difficulty drawing
- one side neglect
- difficulties with hand-eye coordination
-specific losses with partial recovery
- problem with sense of position in space=bumping into people
- unable to localize area being touched
- trouble discriminating between shapes/sizes

Front 42

The temporal lobe contains ___________ areas.

Back 42

auditory

Front 43

What three Gyri make up the temporal lobe?

Back 43

- superior temporal gyrus
- middle temporal gyrus
- inferior temporal gyrus

Front 44

Superior Temporal Gyrus

Back 44

- lateral surface is primary auditory reception area
- gyrus continues into lateral sulcus
- forms inside (medial) wall (temporal operculum)

Front 45

Gyrus of Heschl

Back 45

- on transverse gyrus
- termination of info started by 8th auditory nerve to cochlea
- folded into superior temporal gyrus: portion that continues in middle; into lateral fissure
- not visible from the outside of the brain
- primary auditory association area

Front 46

Are Broca's and Wernicke's area in right or left hemisphere?

Back 46

both are in the left only

Front 47

In left hemisphere the _________________ of the __________________ is called Wernicke's area

Back 47

posterior 2/3, superior temporal gyrus

Front 48

Damage to Wernicke's area results in what?

Back 48

- problems with language formulation and comprehension
- auditory comprehension
- no articulation problems but "run on speech"

Front 49

What are the general functions of the temporal lobe?

Back 49

- auditory reception/hearing ability
- memory and language
- categorization
- some visual perception

Front 50

What are some observed problems with damage to the temporal lobe?

Back 50

- auditory reception and hearing problems
- difficulty understanding language- Wernicke's aphasia
- difficulty recognizing faces
- short term memory loss
- interference with long term memory
- categorization problems

Front 51

Prosopagnosia

Back 51

difficulty recognizing faces

Front 52

the occipital lobe is the most ______ lobe

Back 52

posterior

Front 53

Where is the primary visual cortex found? (be specific)

Back 53

in the Calcarine Fissure of the occipital lobe

Front 54

Calcarine Fissure- where is it located?

Back 54

occipital lobe. found in the right and left medial surface of each hemisphere. Not on the lateral surfaces.

Front 55

Occipital lobe- what does it do?

Back 55

- visual association cortex
- higher order visual processing

Front 56

What might happen if we have problems with the occipital lobe?

Back 56

- visual field problems but not visual acuity (homonymous Hemianopsia)
- Alexia without Agraphia
- problem IDing colors
- visual illusions
- word blindness.difficulty reading/writing
- unable to recognize the movements of an object

Front 57

If you have alexia without agraphia where would you have damage?

Back 57

visual cortex, splenium of calcarine fissure, part of supramarginal gyrus