Neuroanatomy Bank Melissa Silva 2008

Front 1

1, List commissural fibre tracts of the telencephalon

Back 1

a) Corpus callosum
b) Anterior commissure
c) Hippocampal commissure

Front 2

2, Name the associate fibre tracts of the telencephalon

Back 2

a) cingulum fascicle
b) arcuate fascicle
c) uncinate fascicle

Front 3

3, List the parts of the mesencephalon

Back 3

a) Tectum - lamina quadrigemina (sup. & inf. colliculi)
b) Tegmentum - substantia nigra
c) Base - the cerebral peduncles - below the substantia nigra’

Front 4

4, List the parts that develop from the metencephalon

Back 4

a) Pons
b) Cerebellum

Front 5

5, List the a) primary and b) secondary brain vesicles

Back 5

a) Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
b) Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, myencephalon, metencephalon,

Front 6

6, List the structures that form the anterior wall of the 3rd ventricle

Back 6

a) Lamina terminalis
b) Lamina rostralis
c) Anterior commissure
d) Column of fornix

Front 7

7, Define the term “lamina choroidea” and Where is it located in the brain.

Back 7

a) non differentiating parts of the wall of the brain vesicles that stay in the form of a simple columnar epithelium
b) medial wall of lateral ventricle, roof of 3rd ventricle, posterior part of the roof of the 4th ventricle

Front 8

8, Define the location and Brodmann’s number of a) the Broca’s speech area and b) primary auditory cortex

Back 8

a) In the triangular & opercular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus. Brodmann Area’s 44 & 45
b) In the transverse temporal gyrus on the upper bank of the superior temporal gyrus. Brodmann Area’s 41 & 42

Front 9

9, Where are the places of bony attachment of the a) falx cerebri & b) tentorium cerebelli

Back 9

a) Crista galli, along the edges of the groove for the superior sagittal sinus, internal occipital protuberance.
b) Superior edge of the petrosal part of the occipital bone, along the groove for the transverse sinus.

Front 10

10, Where is the stria terminalis located

Back 10

•Amygdala  septum pellucidum

Front 11

11, Where is the stria medullaris located

Back 11

•Septum pellucium  stria medullaris  habenular n.  fasciculus retroflexus  interpeduncular nuclei  spinal
cord & brainstem

Front 12

12, Where is the induceum griceum located

Back 12

•Dentate gyrus  fasciculus gyrus  induceum griceum  septum pellucidum

Front 13

13, What is the origin and termination of the a) fornix, b) stria terminalis

Back 13

a) Origin – Hippocampus, Termination – Mamillary body
b) Origin – Amygdaloid body, Termination – Medial hypothalamus, septum pellucidum

Front 14

14, List the histological layers of the neocortex from the outer surface to the white matter

Back 14

•Molecular (plexiform) layer
•External granular layer
•External pyramidal layer
•Internal granular layer
•Internal pyramidal layer
•Multiform layer

Front 15

15, Name a) excitatory and b) inhibitory cell types in the cerebellar cortex

Back 15

a) Pyramidal cells, horizontal cells, spiny stellate cells, spiny fusiform cells
b) Non-spiny stellate cells (basket cells, chandelier cells), non-spiny fusiform cells

Front 16

16, List five major cell types of the cerebellar cortex, indicate their excitatory or inhibitory character and their locations in the cortical layers

Back 16

•Stellate cell - inhibitory - molecular layer
•Basket cell- inhibitory - molecular layer
•Purkinje cell - inhibitory- Purkinje cell layer
•Golgi cell - inhibitory - granular layer
•Granular cells - excitatory - granular layer

Front 17

17, Name afferent pathways of the neostriatum, Name also the major neurotransmitters that are released by them

Back 17

a) Fibres from the cerebral cortex - Corticospinal tract - glutamate
b) Fibres from the thalamus - Thalamostriatal tract - glutamate
c) Fibres from the substantia nigra - Nigrostriatal tract - dopamine
d) Fibres from the raphe nuclei - Raphe Dorsalis tract - serotonin

Front 18

18, Name 2 efferent pathways of the neostriatum, Name also the neurotransmitters that are released by the axon terminals of these pathways

Back 18

a) Striatopallidal projections - GABA
b) Striatonigral projections - GABA

Front 19

19, Name the afferent fibre tracts of the cerebellar cortex that arise from the brainstem and terminate with a) mossy fibres
b) climbing fibres
Describe also the method & location of how the mossy & climbing fibres terminate in the cerebellar
cortex

Back 19

a) Pontocerebellar tract, vestibulocerebellar tract, reticulocerebellar tract
b) Olivocerebellar tract
c) Mossy fibres: terminate in the stratum granulosum forming a wide arborization pattern and establishing synaptic contacts with dendrites of granule cells
d) Climbing fibres: terminate in the stratum moleculare forming a narrow arborization field and establishing synaptic contacts usually with one Purkinje cell

Front 20

20, Name the neural elements that participate in the formation of the cerebellar glomeruli

Back 20

Terminating mossy fibres make synaptic contact with granular cell dendrites.

Front 21

21, List the cerebellar efferent pathways

Back 21

a) Cerebellovestibular
b) Cerebelloreticular
c) Cerebellothalamic (to VA, VL)
d) Dentatorubral (red)

Front 22

22, Name the symptoms of cerebellar damage

Back 22

a) Asynergia (no coordination)
b) Nystagmus
c) Hypotonia
d) Intentional tremor
e) Cerebellar ataxia (walking)
f) Dysarthria (speech)
g) Dysmetria (inability to estimate distances)

Front 23

23, Name 3 non-pyramidal types of neurons in the cerebral cortex

Back 23

a) Stellate cells
b) Fusiform cells
c) Horizontal cells of Cajal

Front 24

24, What are the commissural pathways of the cerebrum

Back 24

•Corpus callosum,
•Anterior commissure,
•Hippocampal commissure (or commissura fornicis, or lira of David)

Front 25

25, Describe the origin of the neural crest, List the cell types developed from it.

Back 25

•Develops from the neural fold (ectoderm)
•Located dorsolateral to neural tube
a) Parts: during folding of the neural plate, these cells appear along the edge of the neural groove
•Ectodermal origin
•Forms a tempora intermediate zone between tube & surface ectoderm – laterally
b) Cell types of the nervous system that develop from the neural crest
a- Dorsal Root Ganglia, Sensory Ganglia
b- Dorsal Sensory Root of Spinal Nerve & Dorsal Root Neurons
c- Sympathetic Neuroblast
d- Schwann cell
e- Pigment cell
f- Odontoblast
g- Meninges
h- Mesenchyme of Pharyngeal Arches

Front 26

26, Describe a) the ultrastructural composition of the Nissl-substance and b) the parts where they are present

Back 26

a) RER in granular arrangement; This consists of endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes & mRNA
b) found in the soma (cell body) & proximal dendritic processes
•Used for basophilic protein synthesis
•Motor neuron: Large Nissl body, Sensory neuron: Small Nissl body

Front 27

27, What is the difference between the axon hillock and initial axon segment? What are the features in which the
membrane covering the initial axon segment differs from the other parts of the cell membrane

Back 27

•Axon hillock – conically shaped region from which the axon extends
•The axon hillock contains parallel arrays of microtubules and is devoid of Nissl substance
•Initial axon segment – 1st segment where the nerve impulse/AP is initiated
•The initial segment has a bundle of microtubules, Ca channels & no Schwann cells

Front 28

28, List a) the types of all glial cells in the CNS and b) the embryonic germ layers they developed from

Back 28

a) Astrocytes (fibrous & protoplasmic) – ectoderm
b) Oligodendrocytes – ectoderm
c) Ependymal cells – ectoderm
d) Microglia – mesoderm

Front 29

29, List the major functions of the glial cells of the CNS

Back 29

•Structural support
•Nutritional support
•Electrical insulator
•Mechanical support
•Uptake of neurotransmitters
•Keep a constant electrical environment

Front 30

30, Make a drawing of a peripheral nerve

Back 30

Front 31

31, What is the histological structure and function of a perineurim

Back 31

• Perineurium – The protective sheath surrounding a fascicle.
It is a supporting structure of peripheral nerve trunks.
• 7-8 concentric layers of connective tissue and perineurial cells (epithelioid myofibroblasts) surround the fasicle. There are strong, tight intercellular junctions between the perineurial cells, that help insulate the underlying nerve fibres and form the major diffusion barrier within the nerve.

Front 32

32, List the layers that separate the lumen of the blood vessels from the nervous tissue in the CNS

Back 32

Which layer forms the blood brain barrier.
a) Tight junctions between endothelial cells
b) Basement membrane of endothelial cells
c) Glial limiting membrane ( Glial Processes of Astrocytes)
 Primary element of BBB = tight junctions of endothelial cells

Front 33

33, What are the major differences between the fast and slow axonal transport mechanisms.
!! (3 SIDED CARD) !!

Back 33

Fast –
1. Bidirectional (anterograde & retrograde);
2. Transports macromolecules and cytoplasmic organelles Anterograde (kinesin), Retrograde (dynein) ;
3. 10-20 cm (~200 mm) per day ;
4. Uses proteins for transport;

Hint 33

Slow –
1. Unidirectional (only anterograde)
2. Transports molecules that participate in the formation of the cytoskeleton ;
3. Few mm (~2 mm) per day
4. Transported molecules become part of the microtubules and are
transported by them

Front 34

34, Name the macromolecules that play a substantial role in the fast axonal transport mechanism

Back 34

a) Kinesin
b) Dynein

Front 35

35, Define the term “amic polarity”, List the cell compartments that can be distinguished from each other in the sense of histodynamic polarity

Back 35

Compartments of nerve cells that can be distinguished from each other; Neurons are functionally polarized. Different parts of the
neuron are specialized for different functions;
a) Part for detection of stimuli
b) Transform stimuli into electrical signals
c) Conduction
d) Generation of AP
e) Transmission of signal from cell to cell ; neuron is polarized
1) Receptive segment
a) PNS – peripheral part of axon
b) CNS – somatodendritic part of axon
2) Conductive segment
3) Initial segment

Front 36

36, List three types of neurotransmitters

Back 36

a) Amino acids (glutamate, aspartate, GABA)
b) Biogenic amine (ACh, noradrenalin, adrenalin, dopamine, serotonin)
c) Peptide (substance P, VIP, vasopressin)

Front 37

37, Define the term ionotropic neurotransmitter, List at least 3 ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors

Back 37

a) Ionotropic NT – the NT receptor is directly related to an ion channel; Conformational changes of the receptor will result
in opening of the channel directly;
b) nACh-R, GABAa-R, Gly-R, Glutamate-R, NMDA-R, non-NMDA-R (AMPA, kainate)

Front 38

38, Define the term metabotropic neurotransmitter, List at least 3 metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors

Back 38

a) Metabotropic NT – NT receptors that are not coupled directly to ion channels; They activate G-proteins and through
this they induce various metabolic processes that result in ion exchange between the extracellular & intracellular
compartments;
b) GABAb-R, mGlu-R, 5-HT-R, Dopamine-R, mACh-r

Front 39

39, What is the role of synapsin in the process of chemical neurotransmission

Back 39

The synapsin I protein acts as a glue between the synaptic vesicle & microfilaments; It is responsible for anchoring the
vesicle to actin filaments in the reserve zone; When Ca2+ enters, it binds to Ca2+-Calmodulin-dependent kinases (CAMK-II); The
CAMK-II will phosphorylate both the synapsin I and the myosin light chain kinase causing the release of the vesicle from the
microfilament and ATP-driven movement of the vesicle towards the active zone;

Front 40

40, Name 3 macromolecules that are integral parts of the membrane of synaptic vesicles

Back 40

a) Synaptobrevin, synaptogyrin
b) Synaptotagmin
c) Synaptophysin
d) Various transporter molecules

Front 41

41, Make a drawing of synapse and label relevant structures

Back 41

1) Axon terminal or presynaptic element
2) Postsynaptic element
3) Synaptic cleft
4) Synaptic vesicles
5) Presynaptic membrane specialization
6) Postsynaptic membrane specialization

Front 42

42) Electrical synapse a) width of synaptic cleft b) macromolecules interconnecting adjacent nerve cells

Back 42

a) 4 nm
b) Laminin, collagen type IV, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, ACh, connexin
6 connexin molecules form a connexon unit. The connexon units are located at the crossing points of a hexagonal grid structure, where they establish direct contact with the other unit; Located in the membranes of
adjacent cells;

Front 43

43, Classify synapses according to their a) ultrastructural feature, b) function and c) pre-and postsynaptic elements

Back 43

a) symmetric and asymmetric
b) inhibitory, excitatory
c) axodendritic, axoaxonic, axosomatic

Front 44

44, List those macromolecules that have already been identified in the synaptic cleft of the myoneural junction

Back 44

a) Laminin
b) Agrin
c) Merosin M
d) Entactin
(LAME)
e) Sialic acid
f) ACh Esterase
g) Collagen type IV
h) Proteoglycans (TAP1)
i) Glycoproteins
(SAC-PG)

Front 45

45, Define the term and physiological role of Ranvier nodes

Back 45

A short interruption in the myelin sheath of a nerve fibre, occurring between two myelin coverings of different glial cells. At
this point, an axon potential can be generated and faster conductivity can be achieved

Front 46

46, List the major factors that inhibit the regeneration of damaged axons in the CNS

Back 46

•Lack of BM around myelin sheaths
•Formation of glial scar tissue (Reactive gliolysis)
•Presence of myelin associated glycoproteins that inhibit axonal growth
•Presence of protein (Nogo A) that inhibit axonal growth

Front 47

47, List the major factors playing role in regeneration of myelinated neuron/cell in the nervous system

Back 47

•Axon with filopodia
•Basement membrane of Schwann cells
•Integrin protein

Front 48

48, List the exogenous molecules influencing axonal growth during neurohistogenesis

Back 48

•Cell adhesion molecules (NCAM, NGCAM)
•Extracellular growth molecules (laminin & fibronectin)
•Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)
•Diffusible agents (glutamate, GABA)

Front 49

49, Define the term “Wallerian Degeneration”

Back 49

The degenerative changes observed in the distal segment of a peripheral nerve fibre (axon and myelin) when its continuity with its cell body interrupted by a focal lesion

Front 50

50, List three types of neurotransmitters

Back 50

a) Amino acids (glutamate, aspartate, GABA)
b) Biogenic amine (ACh, noradrenalin, adrenalin, dopamine, serotonin)
c) Peptide (substance P, VIP, vasopressin)

Front 51

51, Define the term ionotropic neurotransmitter, List at least 3 ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors

Back 51

a) Ionotropic NT – the NT receptor is directly related to an ion channel; Conformational changes of the receptor will result in opening of the channel directly
b) nACh-R, GABAa-R, Gly-R, Glutamate-R, NMDA-R, non-NMDA-R (AMPA, kainate)

Front 52

52, Define the term metabotropic neurotransmitter, List at least 3 metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors

Back 52

a) Metabotropic NT – NT receptors that are not coupled directly to ion channels; They activate G-proteins and through this they induce various metabolic processes that result in ion exchange between the extracellular & intracellular compartments
b) GABAb-R, mGlu-R, 5-HT-R, Dopamine-R, mACh-R

Front 53

53, List 3 neurotransmitters that play substantial roles in the endogenous pain attenuation mechanisms of the CNS

Back 53

j) Enkephalin, GABA
k) Serotonin, Noradrenalin
l) Glutamate
m) Glycine

Front 54

54, Name at least five neurotransmitter substances, Describe the main steps of the mechanism how they are released from the presynaptic profile

Back 54

•Acetylcholine, GABA, noradrenalin, glycine, glutamate
•Release mechanism:
i) Neurotransmitter is stored in synaptic vesicles
ii) The synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane
iii) The neurotransmitter is released from the vesicle via a process of exocytosis

Front 55

55, Which cranial nerve does the inferior salivatory nucleus belong to? Define the location and the function of the inferior salivatory nucleus

Back 55

•Glossopharyngeal N
•In the medulla oblongata, dorsal to the ambiguous nucleus
•Parasympathetic (visceromotor) nucleus, it sends preganglionic fibres to the otic ganglion, secretomotor innervation of the parotid gland

Front 56

56, Name the cranial nerves that run on the anterior surface of the flocculus cerebella

Back 56

a) Facial nerve (VII)
b) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Front 57

57, List the cranial nerves a) somatomotor nuclei of which are located in the ventrolateral somatomotor cell column b) that send sensory fibres to the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

Back 57

a) Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus & accessory n (V, VII, IX, X, XI)
b) Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal & vagus (V, VII, IX, X)

Front 58

58, List the cranial nerves that have somatomotor nuclei in the dorsomedial somatomotor cell column

Back 58

a) Oculomotor (III)
b) Trochlear (IV)
c) Abducens (VI)
d) Hypoglossal (XII)

Front 59

59, Which cranial nerves carry sensory information from the taste buds and which nuclei receive this information

Back 59

a) Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus (VII, IX, X)
b) The taste impulses reach the nucleus of the solitary tract and then presumably reach the VPM nucleus of the thalamus; From there the impulse enters the cortical taste area in the opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus on the ipsilateral side

Front 60

60, Which nuclei perform similar functions as the gracile & cuneate nuclei and superficial lamina of the dorsal horn

Back 60

a) Principal nucleus of trigeminal nerve
b) Descending spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve

Front 61

61, What is the location of those cells which ascend from the a) gracile and b) cuneate funiculus tract c) lemniscus
trigeminalis and d) where do they originate

Back 61

a) Dorsal root ganglia
b) Rexed laminae I, IV-V of the spinal gray matter
c) Principal sensory and descending spinal nuclei of the trigeminal nerve
d) Layer V of the premotor, primary motor and primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

Front 62

62, Define the position of the following in the CNS: a) red nucleus, b) parabrachial nucleus, c) substantia nigra &
d) dorsal nucleus of vagus

Back 62

a) In the tegmentum of the midbrain
b) In the parvocellular area of the pons
c) Embedded in the cerebral hemisphere below the subthalamic nucleus
d) Rostral medulla oblongata in the vagal trigone

Front 63

63, List the major afferent and efferent connections of the red nucleus

Back 63

a) Afferent – corticospinal tract, dentatorubral tract
b) Efferent – rubrospinal tract

Front 64

64, Which nuclei are involved in sound localization

Back 64

•Superior olivary complex; Has bipolar neurons with a lateral and medial dendrite. Lateral dendrite receives auditory input from
one ear and medial from the other ear.

Front 65

65, Make a drawing and label the tracts (pathways) of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord

Back 65

1. Dorsolateral fasciculus (of Lissauer)
2. Fasciculus proprius
3. Lateral (crossed) corticospinal tract
4. Rubrospinal tract
5. Posterior spinocerebellar tract
6. Anterior spinocerebellar tract
7. Spinothalamic tract
8. Reticulospinal tract

Front 66

66, Make a drawing and label the tracts (pathways) of the anterior and posterior funiculi of the spinal cord

Back 66

1. Fasciculus gracilis
2. Fasciculus cuneatus
3. Comma tract (of Schultz)
4. Fasciculus proprius
5. Anterior (direct) corticospinal tract
6. Tectospinal tract
7. Medial longitudinal fasciculus
8. Reticulospinal tract
9. Spinothalamic tract
10. Olivospinal tract
11. Vestibulospinal tract

Front 67

67, List the descending pathways connecting the brainstem and the spinal cord

Back 67

a) Medial descending pathways (axial and proximal muscles):
i) Vestibulospinal
ii) Reticulospinal
iii) Tectospinal
b) Lateral descending pathways (distal muscles):
i) Rubrospinal
c) Aminergic pathways:
i) Cerulospinal
ii) Raphe spinal (Raphe magnus)

Front 68

68, List the ascending pathways of the spinal cord

Back 68

a) Gracile fascicle
b) Cuneate fascicle
c) Spinothalamic tract
d) Spinocervicothalamic tract
e) Spinocerebellar pathways: dorsal, ventral, rostral, cuneocerebellar tracts
f) Spinoreticular tract
g) Spinomesencephalic tract

Front 69

69, What are the functional elements of the spinal cord

Back 69

a) C1-C3 – Head & Neck
b) C4 – Phrenic Nerve
c) C5-T1 – Brachial plexus, upper limb
d) T2-S2– Trunk, Thorax & Abdominal muscles + organs
e) L1-S2 – Lower limb
f) S2-S4 – Sacral plexus, Parasymp.

Front 70

70, Define the segments of the spinal cord at the level of which a) the interomediolateral nucleus and b) Clark’s column are located

Back 70

a) T1-L2, S2-S4, rexed lamina VII
b) T1-L3, rexed lamina VII

Front 71

71, Define the appearance of the interomediolateral nucleus in the spinal and its neural functions

Back 71

a) Thoracolumbar (T1-L2) & sacral (S2-S4)
b) Sympathetic & parasympathetic preganglionic motor neurons

Front 72

72, What makes up the pyramidal tract

Back 72

a) Corticospinal tract
b) Corticobulbar tract

Front 73

73, Define the location of the pyramidal tract in the a) internal capsule b) mesencephalon c) pons d) medulla oblongata & e) spinal cord

Back 73

a) Knee (genu) of the internal capsule
b) Middle part of the base of the mesencephalon (cerebral peduncle)
c) Base of pons
d) Pyramid
e) Lateral & anterior corticospinal tract

Front 74

74, Describe the somatotopy of the pyramidal tract

Back 74

a) Cortex: Medial—Lateral (low=medial)
b) IC: 90 rotation, anterior-posterior (low=post)
c) Mesencephalon: 90 rotation again, medial-lateral (low=lat)

Front 75

75, Where are the pyramidal fibres located in the spinal cord

Back 75

a) Uncrossed – descend in the medial part of the anterior funiculus ( Anterior Corticospinal tract)
b) Crossed – descend in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus (Lateral Corticospinal tract)

Front 76

76, Name the motor nuclei of cranial nerves that receive exclusively contralateral innervations from the pyramidal tract

Back 76

a) Facial motor nuclei (CN VII) - Motor neurons in the motor nucleus of the facial nerve (VII) that innervate the muscles of facial expression on the
lower half of the face
b) Ambiguous nuclei - Motor neurons in the ambiguous nucleus that innervate the muscles of the soft palate
c) Hypoglossal motor nuclei
(CN XII) - Motor neurons in the motor nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve that innervate the genioglossus muscle

Front 77

77, In the pyramidal tract, where do indirect corticospinal fibres end

Back 77

•In lamina 5, 6 & 7 on interneurons

Front 78

78, Name the structures that border the internal capsule,
What is the location of the pyramidal tract in the internal capsule.

Back 78

a) Borders –
Medially: caudate nucleus, thalamus.
Laterally: Lentiform nucleus (putamen & globus pallidus)
b) The pyramidal tract is located at the knee of the internal capsule

Front 79

79, Which cortical areas does the pyramidal tract arise from? Define also the Brodmann number of these regions

Back 79

•Primary Somatosensory cortex (Brodmann Area 1,2,3)
•Motor cortex (Brodmann Area 4)
•Premotor cortex (Brodmann Area 6,8)

Front 80

80, List the symptoms of pyramidal tract disorder

Back 80

a) Deviated uvula towards site of lesion
b) Tongue will deviate towards the paralyzed genioglossus (contralateral to the lesion)

Front 81

81, List the receptors, axons, cell groups, fibre tracts & nuclei that are parts of the sensory ascending fibre tract system called the spinothalamic tract

Back 81

List the components from the receptors to the cerebral cortex.
a) High threshold receptors
b) C and Aδ afferents
c) Interneurons in the spinal dorsal horn
d) Projecting neurons in the spinal gray matter
e) Spinothalamic tract
f) Ventral posterolateral nucleus
g) Thalamocortical tract
h) Postcentral gyrus (secondary and association sensory cortical territories)

Front 82

82, List the receptors, axons cell groups, fibre tracts & nuclei that are parts of the sensory dorsal column – medial lemniscus ascending fibre tract system

Back 82

List the components from the receptors to the cerebral cortex.
a) Low threshold receptors
b) Aα and Aβ primary afferent fibres and their cell bodies in the spinal dorsal root ganglia
c) Gracile and cuneate fasciculus
d) Gracile and cuneate nuclei
e) Medial lemniscus
f) Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus
g) Thalamocortical tract
h) Postcentral gyrus

Front 83

83, List 5 nuclei, area or fibre tracts in the CNS system that participate in the formation of the dorsal column medial lemniscus ascending sensory system

Back 83

a) Gracile fasciculus
b) Cuneate fasciculus
c) Gracile nucleus
d) Cuneate nucleus
e) VPL
f) VPM
g) Somatosensory cortex in the cerebral cortex (Brodmann area 3,1,2)

Front 84

84, List 3 major fibre tracts of the anterolateral ascending sensory system

Back 84

a) SpinoMesencephalic tract
b) SpinoReticular (spinobulbar) tract
c) SpinoThalamic tract

"Mr. T"

Front 85

85, Name the ascending sensory pathways of the spinal cord that carry nerve signals generated by low threshold
receptors in the skin, muscles of the upper limb to the cerebellum

Back 85

a) Cuneocerebellar tract
b) Rostral spinocerebellar tract

Front 86

86, Name the ascending tracts that conduct sensory impulses from the a) lower and b) upper limb to the cerebellum

Back 86

a) Lower limb – dorsal spinocerebellar tract and ventral spinocerebellar tract
b) Upper limb – cuneal spinocerebellar tract and rostral spinocerebellar tract

Front 87

87, Name the specific sensory nuclei of the thalamus that send afferent fibres to the cerebral cortex.
In which histological layer of the cerebral cortex do these afferent fibres terminate.

Back 87

a) Lateral geniculate body
b) Medial geniculate body
c) Ventral posterolateral nucleus
d) Ventral posteromedial nucleus
e) They all terminate in the internal granular layer (Layer IV)

Front 88

88, List the cranial nerves that have viscerosensory nuclei.

Back 88

a) Facial nerve (VII)
b) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
c) Vagus nerve (X)

Front 89

89, Which type of primary afferents conduct volleys to the spinal cord from a) high and b) low threshold mechanoreceptors
and c)muscle spindles

Back 89

a) C and Aδ fibres
b) Aβ and Aα fibres
c) Ia

Front 90

90, Define the terms a) dermatome and b) head-zone

Back 90

a) Dermatome – an area of the skin which is innervated by one spinal segment
b) Head-zone – a hypersensitive area of skin associated with inflammation of underlying viscera which projects to that area, usually due to both regions being innervated by the same cranial nerve.