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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many cervial nerves and vertebra are there? Region?
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8 nerves; 7 vertebra
neck region |
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How many thoraic nerves and vertebra are there? Region?
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12 nerves and vertebra
thorax, below neck, rib area |
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How many lumbar nerves and vertebra? Region?
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5 nerves and vertebra
below ribs to hips |
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How many sacral nerves and vertebra? Region?
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5 nerves and vertebra
pelvic area |
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Peripheral Nervous System
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nervous system outside brain and spinal cord
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parts of periferal nervous system and functions
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somatic =innervates skin, joints, muscles
visceral =innervates internal organs, blood vessels, glands |
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Afferent Axons:
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carry info toward a point
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Efferent Axons:
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carry info away from a point
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Where is gray matter in spinal cord?
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inside/center
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Where in spinal cord are the regions with most gray matter?
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cervical and lumbar
b/c there is most integrating here with nerves from arms and legs |
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Where in spinal cord is there the most white matter?
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more anteriorly b/c more axons passing to lower regions and connecting there
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Where is gray matter in the brain? Where is white matter?
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gray outside
white inside |
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Spinal cord: where is touch reception?
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dorsal horn (gray) and dorsal column (white)
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Touch reception? ipsilateral or contralateral
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contralateral
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location of pain and temperature senses?
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spinothalmic tract
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Does spinothalmic tract cross?
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no, ipsilateral
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Where is voluntary control?
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lateral column includes corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tract
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Where are posture and reflexive controls?
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ventromedial pathway
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Where is the center of autonomic control?
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lateral horns of grey matter
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lateral column control of voluntary movement ipsilateral or contralateral?
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contralateral
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Olfactory Nerve
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(I)
sensory smell |
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Optic Nerve
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(II)
sensory vision |
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Oculomotor
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(III)
motor movement of eye and eyelid, pupil size |
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Trochlear
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(IV)
motor rotational orbit of eye only nerve to exit brain on dorsal side |
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Trigeminal
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(V)
sensory and motor touch to face, muscles of mastication |
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Abducens
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(VI)
motor lateral eye movement |
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Facial
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(VII)
sensory and motor facial expression, taste |
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Auditory-vestibular
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(VIII)
sensory hearing and sense of balance |
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Glosopharyngeal
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(IX)
sensory and motor phaynx sensation, taste, carotid baroreceptors (bp) |
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Vagus
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(X)
sensory and motor autonomic gut, sensation from pharynx, vocal cord mucles, swallowing |
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Accessory
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(XI)
motor shoulder and neck muscles |
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Hypoglossal
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(XII)
motor tongue movement |
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What does the brain stem consist of?
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diencephalon (talamus and hypothalamus), midbrain (tectum and tegmentum), pons and medulla
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What are the Meninges?
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three membranes that surround the brain-
dura mater arachnoid membrane pia mater |
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What secretes CSF?
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choroid plexus
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pathway of CSF in ventricular system
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cerebrum --> brain stem core --> subarachnoid space --> arachnoid villi that absorb CSF
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pathway through ventricles
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lateral ventricles --> third ventricle --> cerebral aquaduct --> fourth ventricle --> exit at base of cerebellum into subarachnoid space
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cerebrum controls and sensations are: ispilateral or contralateral?
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contralateral to body side
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cerebellum controls movements ipsilateral or contralateral?
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ipsilateral movements
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Injury to the ventral surface of the spinal cord would cause?
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paralysis of the muscles innervated by areas posterior to injury
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grey matter:
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soma and dendrites, neural cell bodies
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white matter:
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axons
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What are Dermatones?
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area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve
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funtion: precentral gyrus
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primary motor cortex area
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function: postcentral gyrus
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primary sensory area
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occipital lobe
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primary vissual cortex
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hippocampus
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formation of memory
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hypothalamus
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homeostasis control
fight or flight responses commands to ANS |
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brocas area
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speech
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wernickes area
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comprehension of speech
left temporal lobe right side- emotion in speech |
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frontal lobe
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emotional behavior, motor responses
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parietal lobe
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somatosensory and associations
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temporal lobe
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auditory sensory
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insular lobe
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involved in emotion and homeostasis, interoceptive awareness
gustatory cortex = taste |
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cingulate gyrus
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partially around the corpus callosum
involved in emotion, memory, and learning |
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calcarine fissure
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primary visual cortex
caudal end of medial surface |
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corpus callosum
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huge bundle of axons that connects the two sides of the cerebrum
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thalamus
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gateway to the cortex
lots of pathways synapse here switchboard for the brain relays sensory info to the cerebral cortex |
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fornix
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fiber bundle that connects hippocampus on each side with the hypothalamus
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basal forebrain
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deep cortical nuclei
involved in coordinating motor function |
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putamen
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deep nuclei in forebrain
involved in motor control |
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caudate
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deep nuclei in forebrain
involved in motor control |
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globus pallidus
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deep nuclei in forebrain
involved in motor control |
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septum
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contributes axons to fornix
involved in memory storage |
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internal capsule
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collection of axons that connects telencephaon (cortex) with diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
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mammillary body
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recieve info from the fornix and contributes to memory regulation
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substantia nigra
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part of voluntary motor system
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lateral geniculate
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relays info to visual cortex
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medial geniculate
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relays info to auditory cortex
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red nucleus
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involved in motor control
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inferior olive
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nucleus of medulla
involved in motor learning |
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raphe nucleus
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releases serotonin
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telencephalon
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cerebral hemispheres, olfactory bulbs, basal telencephalon
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diencephalon
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thalamus and hypothalamus
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forebrain develops:
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telencephalon, diencephalon, optic vesicles, white matter structures (corpus callosum, cortical white matter, internal capsule)
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midbrain develops:
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cerebral aqueduct
tectum tegmentum |
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tectum contains
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superior colliculus and inferior colliculus
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superior colliculus
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sensory info from eye
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inferior colliculus
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sensory info from ears
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tegmentum contains:
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substantia niagra and red nucleus
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neural tube creates the basis for what?
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CNS
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Neural crest creates what?
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PNS
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somites make what?
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33 vertebrae of spinal column and related skeletal muscles
from mesoderm |
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nervous system develops from which embryonic tissue layer?
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ectoderm
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in what region to motor pathways dessucate?
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medulla
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3 special features of Human CNS
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1.convolutions on human cerebrum surface
2. smaller size of olfactory bulbs 3.growth of cerebral hemisphere- different lobes |
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hindbrain develops:
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cerebellum, pons, medulla, fourth ventricle
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cerebellum
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movement control center
calculates sequece of muscles contractions to achieve goals of movements |
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pons
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massive switchboard for brain connecting cerebral cortex to cerebellum
relays info to cerebellum specifying goals of intended movements |
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medullary pyramids
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motor axon pathways on ventral side, info descending from brain to spinal cord
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blood supply to the spinal cord
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vertbral arteries and medullary arteries
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How many spinal arteries are on dorsal side?
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2 (posterior)
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How many spinal arteries are on ventral side?
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1 (anterior)
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what connects blood from anterior to posterior and bring blood to peripheral white matter?
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vasocorona
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Blood supply to the brain:
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internal carotids and vertebral arteries
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What structure allows brain to be completely perfused if both carotids are blocked?
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circle of willis
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what is a commissure?
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a collection of axons that connect one side of the brain with the other
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what are the lateral and medial geniculate nuclei part of?
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thalamus
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Damage to the cerebellum results in?
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uncoordinated and inaccurate movements
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medulla
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contains neurons for many sensory and motor functions
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all cranial nerves run ipsilateral except:
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optic nerve- some cross at lateral genitulic nuclei
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in the forebrain, optic cups become...
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retinal system
develops outwardly |
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cortical white matter:
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axons lying just below the cerebral cortex
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Major white matter systems:
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cortical white matter
corpus callosum internal capsule |
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Damage to the Anterior cerebral artery would affect which part of the brain?
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frontal lobe- rostral and down midline
corpus callosum |
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Damage to the Middle cerebral artery would affect which part of the brain?
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the temporal lobes and caudal frontal lobes (peripheral sides)
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Damage to the Posterior cerebral artery would affet which part of the brain?
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occipital lobe
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which arterites profuse the deep nuclei?
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lenticulostriate arteries
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damage to the lenticulostriate arteries would cause?
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movement problems
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what are the cells involved in the blood-brain barrier?
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astrocytes
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what do astrocytes do?
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they have feet like structures that cover vascualture to keep unwanted molecules out of the brain
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pathway around Circle of Willis
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basilar artery--> posterior cerebral artery-->posterior communicating artery--> internal carotid--> anterior cerebral--> anterior communicating--><
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Why is the CSF important?
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the ion concentration allows conduction and fluid is highly oxygenated
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What is the difference b/t CT scans and MRI?
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CT uses x-rays to digitally reconstruct and image
MRI- uses H atoms responding to magnetic fields to make an image (more detail and any slice) |
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"funtional" MRI
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detects active neurons by detecting regional blood flow and metabolism; active neurons will demand more glucose and oxygen
(inject dye or glucose and track the uptake/movement) |
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Common features of the Cortex:
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-cell bodies in layers
-surface layer separated from pia mater by layer I which lacks neurons -apical dentrites form multiple branches (pyramidal cells) -cells on outside, white matter inside |
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What is the neocortex?
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it has many cell layers, only in mammals
expanded overtime |
