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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Major Anatomical and Functional Divisions
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM |
the brain and spinal cord, which contain control centers responsible for processing and integrating sensory information, planning and coordinating responses to stimuli, and providing short-term control over the activities of other systems.
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Major Anatomical and Functional Divisions
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM |
Neural tissue outside of the CNS, whose function is to link the CNS with sense organs and other systems.
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Major Anatomical and Functional Divisions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM |
Components of the CNS and PNS that are concerned with the control of visceral functions
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Gross Anatomy
NUCLEUS CENTER |
- a CNS center with discrete anatomical boundaries
- a group of neuron cell bodies in the CNS that share a common function |
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Gross Anatomy
TRACT COLUMN |
- a bundle of axons within the CNS that share a common origin, destination, and function
- a group of tracts found within a specific region of the spinal cord |
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Gross Anatomy
PATHWAYS GANGLIA |
- Centers and tracts that connect the brain with other organs and systems in the body
- an anatomically distinct collection of sensory or motor neuron cell bodies within the PNS |
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Gross Anatomy
NERVE |
- a bundle of AXONS in the PNS
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Histology
GRAY MATTER WHITE MATTER |
- neural tissue dominated by neuron cell bodies
- neural tissue dominated by myelinated axons |
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Histology
NEURAL CORTEX NEURON |
- a layer of gray matter at the surface of the brain
- the basic functional unit of the nervous system; a highly specialized cell; a nerve cell |
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Histology
SENSORY NEURON MOTOR NEURON |
- a neuron whose axon carried sensory information from the PNS towards the CNS
- a neuron whose axon carries motor commands from the CNS toward effectors in the PNS |
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Histology
SOMA DENDRITES |
- the cell body of a neuron
- neuronal processes that are specialized to respond to specific stimuli in the extracellular environment |
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Histology
AXON MYELIN |
- a long, slender cytoplasmic process of a neuron; axons are capable of conduction nerve impulses (APs)
- a membranous wrapping, produced by glial cells, that coats axons and increases the speed of AP propagation |
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Histology
NEUROLGLIA or GLIAL CELLS |
- supporting cells that interact with neurons and regulate the extracellular environment, provide defense against pathogens, and perform repairs within the neural tissue.
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Functional Categories
RECEPTOR |
- a specialized cell, dendrite, or organ that responds to specific stimuli in the extracellular environment and whose stimulation alters the level of activity in a sensory neuron
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Functional Categories
EFFECTOR |
- a muscle, gland, or other specialized cell or organ that responds to neural stimulation by altering its activity and producing a specific effect.
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Functional Categories
REFLEX SOMATIC |
- a rapid stereotyped response to a specific stimulus
- pertaining to the control of skeletal muscle activity (somatic motor) or sensory information from the skeletal muscles, tendons, and joints (somatic sensory_) |
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Functional Categories
VISCERAL |
- pertaining to the control of functions, such as digestion, circulation, etc. (visceral motor) or sensory information from visceral organs (visceral sensory)
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Functional Categories
VOLUNTARY INVOLUNTARY |
- under direct conscious control
- not under direct conscious control |
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Functional Categories
SUBCONSCIOUS ACTION POTENTIALS |
- pertaining to centers in the brain that operates outside a person's conscious awareness
- sudden, transient changes in the membrane potential that are propagated along the surface of an axon or sarcolemma |
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The Gross Brain and CNS
Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of: 4 parts |
Cerebrum
Cerebellum Brainstem Spinal cord |
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The Cerebrum
what separates the R and L hemispheres? |
Right and Left hemeispheres are separated by the medial longitudinal fissure
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The Cerebrum
how is information shared between the two halves? principle function? |
Information is shared between the two halves through the corpus callosum and the brainstem
Functions: all higher level actions |
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Lobes of the Brain
how is the cerebrum divided? |
Cerebrum is divided into 4 lobes:
Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital |
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Lobes of the Brain
what is the name of the central division and the lateral division? |
Central Silcus of Rolando
Lateral Fissure of Sylvus |
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Frontal Lobe
Location contains primary motor region known as? |
Anterior to the central sulcus
Contains the primary motor region= precentral gyrus |
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Frontal Lobe
what language center does it contain? |
Contains Broca’s area (no ifs, ands or buts)
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Frontal Lobe
primary functions? |
Functions: reasoning, planning, movement, problem solving
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Parietal Lobe
location? contains the primary sensory region known as...? |
Posterior to Central Sulcus
Contains the primary sensory region= postcentral gyrus |
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Parietal Lobe
primary functions |
Functions: touch, pressure, temperature and pain
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Temporal Lobe
location contains which language center |
Inferior to lateral fissure
Contains Wernicke’s area |
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Temporal Lobe
Functions |
Functions: recognition of auditory stimuli and memory
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Occipital Lobe
LOCATION FUNCTION |
Posterior to parietal and temporal lobes, superior to cerebellum
Functions: visual interpretation |
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Cerebellum
LOCATION PRIMARY FUNCTIONS |
Inferior to occipital lobe
Fine tuning and smoothness of movements, balance and posture |
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Cerebellum
IF IMPAIRED... |
Ataxia
Decreased DTR Tremor- intention Nystagmus |
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Brainstem
LOCATION |
Interior of the brain
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Brainstem
Midbrain which cranial nerves? |
Midbrain (CN 3, 4)
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Brainstem
Pons which cranial nerves |
Pons (CN 5, 6, 7, 8 )
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Brainstem
Medulla Oblongata contains which cranial nerves |
Medulla Oblongata (CN 9, 10, 11, 12)
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Brainstem
primary function? |
Functions: center for autonomic functions (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure)
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Cranial Nerves
1-6 |
Olfactory
Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens |
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Cranial Nerves
7-12 |
Facial
Vestibular Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory hypoglossal |
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CRANIAL NERVE FUNCTIONS
1 2 3-6 |
1. Smells
2. Sees 3, 4, 6. Moves eyes, accomodates (3 constricts pupils) |
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CRANIAL NERVE FUNCTIONS
5 7 8 |
5. Chews and feels front of head
7. Moves the face, tastes, salivates, cries 8. Hears, regulates balance |
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CRANIAL NERVE FUNCTIONS
9 10 11 12 |
9- Tastes, salivates swallows, monitors carotid body and sinus
10- Tastes, swallows, lifts palate, talks, communicates with abdominal viscera 11- Turns head, lifts shoulders 12- Moves tongue |
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Cranial nerve Divisions
which are exclusively SENSORY |
Sensory
CN 1 Olfactory CN2 Optic CN 8 Vestibulocochlear |
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Cranial nerve Divisions
which are exclusively MOTOR |
Motor
CN 3 Oculomotor CN 4 Trochlear CN 6 Abducens CN 11 Accessory CN 12 Hypoglossal |
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Cranial nerve Divisions
which are MIXED |
Mixed
CN 5 Trigeminal CN 7 Facial CN 9 Glossopharyngeal CN 10 Vagus |
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Spinal Cord
how many pairs of SPINAL NERVES? |
31 pairs of spinal nerves
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Spinal Cord
what kind of nerves make up the ascending tract what kind of nerves make up the descending tracts |
ascending = sensory
descending = motor |
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Spinal Cord
what vertebral level does it end at? |
ends at about L2
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Spinal Cord
what is the structure found between L2- S5 known as? |
L2-S5 is known as the Cauda Equina (horse’s tail
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Ascending pathways of the Spinal Cord
ANTERIOR SPINOTHALMIC primary function? |
Sensation for touch and pressure from one side to the opposite thalamus
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Ascending pathways of the Spinal Cord
LATERAL SPINOTHALMIC primary function |
Sensation for pain and temperature from one side to the opposite thalamus
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Ascending pathways of the Spinal Cord
Fasciculus gracilis and Fasciculus Cuneatu primary function? |
Sensation from one side of the body to the opposite medulla for touch, 2-point discrimination, conscious proprioception, stereognosis, weight discrimination and vibration
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Ascending pathways of the Spinal Cord
Posterior Cerebellar primary function? |
Sensation from one side to same side cerebellum for subconscious proprioception
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Ascending pathways of the Spinal Cord
Anterior Spinocerebellar primary function? |
Sensation from both sides of the body to the cerebellum for subconscious proprioception
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Descending pathways of the Spinal Cord
Lateral Corticospinal primary function |
Motor impulses from one side of cortex to anterior gray horn of the other side, reach skeletal muscles on opposite side
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Descending pathways of the Spinal Cord
Anterior Corticospinal primary function? |
Motor impulses from one side of cortex to anterior gray horn of the same side, crosses spinal cord to reach skeletal muscles on opposite side
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Descending pathways of the Spinal Cord
Rubrospinal primary function? |
Motor impulses from one side of midbrain to skeletal muscles on opposite side concerned with precise movements
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Descending pathways of the Spinal Cord
Vestibulospinal primary function? |
Motor impulses from one side of medulla to skeletal muscles on the same side that regulate body tone in response to head movements
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Descending pathways of the Spinal Cord
TECTOSPINAL main idea |
Motor impulses from one side of midbrain to skeletal muscles on opposite side of body that control movements of the head in response to auditory, visual and cutaneous stimuli
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Descending pathways of the Spinal Cord
Medial Reticulospinal main idea |
Motor impulses from one side of pons to axial skeletal muscles and proximal limb muscles that facilitate extensor reflexes and muscle tone
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Descending pathways of the Spinal Cord
Lateral Reticulospinal main idea |
Motor impulses from one side of medulla to axial skeletal muscles on same side that inhibit extensor reflexes and muscle tone
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Internal Capsule
main idea |
Ascending and descending fibers of all parts of the cerebral cortex converge to form this “v” like structure
The coricospinal (pyramidal) tract runs through this area just posterior to the “knee” |
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Root Ganglion (PNS)
how are sensations from receptors below the neck conveyed? |
All sensations from receptors below the level of the head are conveyed into the CNS by the dorsal roots, which consists of sensory nerve cell bodies
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Root Ganglion (PNS)
where are motor impulses conveyed? |
All motor impulses are conveyed to the muscles through the ventral roots, which consist of motor nerve cell bodies
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Root Ganglion (PNS)
where are the cell bodies from the dorsal root fibers or ventral root fibers? |
Cell bodies of the dorsal root fibers or ventral root fibers are in the ganglions
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Root Ganglion (PNS)
what two components do PNS nerve fibers consist of? |
PNS nerves consist of motor and sensory components
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Other Points of Interest
Thalmus functions? |
sensory integration and motor integration
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Other Points of Interest
Thalmus- location? |
under corpus callosum
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Other Points of Interest
Hippocampus location? |
temporal lobe next to pons
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Other Points of Interest
Hippocampus functions? |
learning and memory
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Other Points of Interest
Basal Ganglia location? |
in the pons
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Other Points of Interest
Basal Ganglia functions? |
controlled movement
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Other Points of Interest
Basal Ganglia if impaired? |
meaningless unintentional movements occurring unintentionally
Parkinson’s- substantia nigra Chorea Athetosis hemiballism |
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
how many lateral ventricles? |
Lateral ventricles (1 in each hemisphere)
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
how are the lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle connected? |
Interventricular foramen connect the lateral and 3rd ventricles
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
what joins the 3rd and 4th ventricles? |
Cerebral aqueduct joins the 3rd and 4th ventricles
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Lesions
UMN main points |
Spastic Paralysis
No muscle atrophy No fasiculations or fibrillations Hyperreflexia + Babinski |
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Lesions
LMN main points |
Flaccid Paralysis
Significant atrophy Fasiculations and fibrillations present Hyporeflexia - Babinski |
