Neuroanatomy

Front 1

Order of CSF Flow

Back 1

Lateral ventricle
Intraventricular foramen of Monroe
Third Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
foramen of Luschka or Foramen of Magendie
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid granulation
Superior saggital sinus

Front 2

blockage of CSF or overproduction of CSF in babies is called?

Back 2

Hydrocephalus
You see enlarged ventricles on CT scan
Treat with shunt

Front 3

Venous sinus flow

Back 3

1) Superior Sagittal ---->
2) Inferior Sagittal --> straight sinus---->

Confluence of sinuses---> sigmoid sinus ---> internal jugular vein.

Front 4

Epidural hematoma

Back 4

Bleed of meningeal artery into potential space between periosteal dura and inside of skull
Lucid Interval noted
Cranial Nerve Test III
Lens shaped

Front 5

Subdural hematoma

Back 5

results from tear of cerebral veins or bridging veins in the potential space between the meningeal dura and the arachnoid mater
spreads out because it is not fused
slower bleed than epidural

Front 6

subarachnoid hematoma

Back 6

usually from a burst cerebral aneurysm in the real space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.
Manifests as a thunderclap headache

Front 7

Papez circuit

Back 7

cingulate gyrus ---> hippocampus formation ----> via fornix to the mammilary body ---> to anterior thalmic nuclei ---> cingulate gyrus

Front 8

Anosognosia

Back 8

denial of injury of deficit resulting from a posterior parietal lesion

Front 9

Apraxia

Back 9

aquired inability to carry out skilled actions without sensory or motor deficits

Front 10

Agnosia

Back 10

inability to recognized objects even though sensory inputs are intact

Front 11

Stereognosis

Back 11

3-D perception constructs from skin and position information. requires somatosensory and posterior parietal cortex.

Front 12

what type of fibers cause the perception of itch?

Back 12

C fibers

Front 13

What fibers cause fast pain and which cause slow pain.

Back 13

C fibers cause slow pain whereas A Delta causes initial first pain

Front 14

What happens above 45 degrees celcius

Back 14

Cold receptors fire more frequently, warm fibers fire less frequently and nocioreceptors start to fire. All together this equals PAIN!

Front 15

Hyperalgesia. Central or Peripheral?

Back 15

Excessively painful response to noxious stimuli; often spontaneous pain. Arises from both peripheral and central origins

Front 16

Allodynia. Define. Central or Peripheral?

Back 16

painful response to normally non-noxious stimuli. (Stroking sunburned skin, moving arthritic joints). Arises from CENTRAL mechanisms

Front 17

Difference between primary and secondary hyperalgesia

Back 17

Primary:mechanical and thermal in local region with peripheral and central mechanisms
Secondary: only mechanical increased throughout, substance P involvement and only Central mechanisms

Front 18

Fast pain fibers

Back 18

A-Delta

Front 19

Slow pain fibers

Back 19

C fibers
Have affective component.

Front 20

Hyperalgesia. Central or Peripheral?

Back 20

Excessively painful response to noxious stimuli; often spontaneous pain. Arises from both peripheral and central origins

Front 21

Allodynia. Define. Central or Peripheral?

Back 21

painful response to normally non-noxious stimuli. (Stroking sunburned skin, moving arthritic joints). Arises from CENTRAL mechanisms

Front 22

Difference between primary and secondary hyperalgesia

Back 22

Primary:mechanical and thermal in local region with peripheral and central mechanisms
Secondary: only mechanical increased throughout, substance P involvement and only Central mechanisms

Front 23

Otitis media

Back 23

Middle Ear infection (fluid buildup behind tyrannic membrane). can lead to permanent scaring and conductive hearing loss

Front 24

Ostoclerosis

Back 24

proliferation of bone around ligamentous attachments of ossicles, limiting their movement

Front 25

High frequencies correspond to?

Back 25

Basal turns (Stapedial end)

Front 26

Low frequencies correspond to?

Back 26

Apical turns (Helicotrema end)

Front 27

Five taste qualities

Back 27

Salty
Sour
Sweet
Bitter
Umami (amino acids glutamate and aspartate)

Front 28

What tastes involve G-protein coupled receptors

Back 28

Bitter, Sweet, Umami

Front 29

How are salty and sour detected

Back 29

Salty: Na permeable channels
Sour: Na channels that are sensitive to H+

Front 30

Cranial nerves involved in Taste:

Back 30

VII: Anterior 2/3 (Geniculate Ganglion
IX: Petrosal Ganglion
X: Nodose Ganglion
Vagus: Base of tongue and oropharynx
Nerve V: Senses texture, temperature and spicyness.

All converge on Nucleus of Solitary Tract---> VPM ----> Gustatory Cortex and Insula

Front 31

Synaptic Inhibitions via Glycine Receptors

Back 31

gCl- gated channels

Front 32

Do analgesics like lidocaine block small or large fibers

Back 32

small axons first

Front 33

Hypoxia blocks which axons first?

Back 33

Large....get back pain and temp before movement

Front 34

Synaptic Inhibition with GABA

Back 34

A: cl-
B: gK+ and gCa2+
C: gCl-

Front 35

What happens when Cl- enters the cell

Back 35

hyperpolarization, so inhibitory against action potentials

Front 36

Mutated Gaba is seen with which disorder? Mutation Glycine?

Back 36

Epilepsy
Hyperekplexia = pathologicaly exaggerated startle reflex

Front 37

Telencephalon

Back 37

cerebral hemispheres

Front 38

Diencephalon

Back 38

From Proencephalon, includes Thalmus, Hypothalmus and Epithalmus

Front 39

Broca's area

Back 39

Anterior/Rostral to Wernicke's (area 44, 45)
-individuals who know "what they want to say, they just cannot get it out
- affects speaking and comprehension

Front 40

Wernicke's area

Back 40

-posterior to Broca's area
-understanding of written and spoken language
- damage: unintelligible sentences, make up words but you speak with the right intonation

Front 41

Insula functions

Back 41

1) Taste
2) Visceral association
3) autonomic control
4) interpretation of emotions

Front 42

Cingulate Gyrus or Limbic Lobe

Back 42

Emotional perception of pain
Part of old brain, instinct center

Front 43

Thalamus

Back 43

Grand central station for sensor info (relay center)

Front 44

Hypothalamus

Back 44

4 F's: Fighting, Fucking, Fleeing, Feeding

Front 45

Pineal Gland

Back 45

Melatonin secretion, cicadian rythemns

Front 46

Posterior pituitary

Back 46

hormones like oxytosin, vasopressin

Front 47

Cerebellum

Back 47

1) modulates precision, targeting and rhythms of voluntary movments
2) relies on proprioception and vestibular information
3) controls same side of the body

Front 48

Ataxia
What causes ataxia?

Back 48

lack of coordination of muscle movement
usually results from cerebellar injury or tumor

Front 49

T1 MRI

Back 49

spin lattice relaxation
White matter = white
grey matter = grey
CSF = black

Front 50

T2 MRI

Back 50

CSF = white
Grey matter = grey
white matter = black

Front 51

FLAIR MRI

Back 51

CSF = black
White matter = greyish

Front 52

In MRI, high signal intensity is correlated to what color on MRI

Back 52

White

Front 53

What happens with people with a deficient blood brain barrier

Back 53

Gd shortens the TI of tissues with this lack of blood brain barrier

Front 54

CT scans: what is radiodense and what is radiolucent?

Back 54

Radio dense = metal
(White) bone
calcifications
(grey) muscle
Radiolucent = fat
(black) air

Front 55

FDG-PET. What does it measure and what are the indications?

Back 55

Glucose utilization, imporatnt in dementia, alzheimers, epileptics

Front 56

What is part of the limbic system?

Back 56

Amygdala
Hypocampus
Fornix
Cingulate Gyrus
Part of Hypthalamus (Mammilary Bodies)
Parts of Thalamus (anterior nucleus)

Front 57

Papez Circuit

Back 57

Cingulate gyrus ---> Hippocampus --->Fornix---> Mammillary body --> Anterior thalamic nucleus ---> Cingulate gyrus

Front 58

Basal Ganglia function?
What is contained within it?

Back 58

motor control center
Caudate
Putamen
Globus Palladus
Involves subthalmic nuclei and substantia negra

Front 59

Parkinson's pathology

Back 59

dopamanergic cells from substantia nigra damaged, can no longer bath putamen and caudate in dopamine, resulting in weakness, tremors, rigidity, and difficulty moving.

Front 60

DCML system

Back 60

touch, vibration, two point discrimination, proprioception;
A-Alpha and A-Beta
From dorsal root ganglion, synapse in medulla at dorsal column nuclei and then cross, follow medial lemniscus to thalamus, synapse in VPL nucleus) and go to SI.
These travel through Facicules, Cuneatus (medial, arm) and Gracilis (lateral, leg)

Front 61

AL system

Back 61

Pain, temp, itch, some touch
A-delta, C
Dorsal root ganglion, travel one or two up via lissauer's tract --- dorsal edge of dorsal horn, synapse in spinal cord (substantia gelatinosa) decussate, synapse in thalamus in VPL (FAST PAIN) or Intralaminar Nuclei or on cells of posterior nuclei group (SLOW PAIN), and then to SI or SII.
Some send collaterals to reticular formation