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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Midsagittal divides the?
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left and right cerebral hemispheres
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The sagittal or parasagittal run?
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parallel to the midsagittal plane
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Coronal or frontal/transverse run?
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perpendicular to the sagittal planes. Coronal planes divide the anterior aspect of the brain from the posterior aspect.
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Horizontal planes divide the?
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superior aspect of the bran from the inferior aspect
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Rostral refers to the
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head of an organism, or structures above
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Caudal refers to the
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tail of an organism, or structures below
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The nervous system is divided into what two parts?
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the CNS and PNS
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The CNS is composed of what?
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Brain and spinal cord
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The PNS is composed of
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Cranial Nerves
Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System |
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The brain has six major parts what are they?
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Cerebral Lobes
Cerebellum Basal Ganglia Diencephalon Brain stem Limbic System |
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The autonomic nervous system is composed of what?
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System |
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The Somatic Nervous system is responsible for?
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Innervation of skeletal muscles
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The Autonomic Nervous system innervates what?
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Visceral muscles and glands
Cardiac Muscle Lungs GI tract Secretory Glands |
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The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for?
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homeostasis
slowing body down decreased BP decreased HR Peristalsis |
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The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for?
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Arousal
flight/fight increased BP increased HR Cessation of peristalsis |
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What is Gyri?
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wrinkles or folds on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres
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What is Sulci/sulcus?
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valleys or crevices between the gyri
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What are convolutions
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collective name for gyri and sulci, they are the raised and pressed surfaces of the brain
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Why do humans have convulusions?
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Brain growth is confined by the skull therefore the brain folds in on itself
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What is a fissure?
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is a deep groove in the surface of the brain
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What does the medial longitudinal fissure seperate?
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the right and left hemispheres, it runs along the midsagittal plane
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What does the central sulcus/sulcus of Rolando seperate?
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the frontal and parietal lobes, it also seperates the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex
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What is the precentral gyrus and what is it repsonsible for and where is it?
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Primary Motor Cortex
Responsible for voluntary motor movement Located anterior to the central sulcus |
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What is the postcentral gyrus and what is it repsonsible for and where is it?
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex
It mediates the detection of physical sensation located posterior to the central sulcus |
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What does the lateral fissure seperate?
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temporal lobe from the frontal lobe
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The frontal lobe mediates what?
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cognition (intelligence, problem-solving, and short-term memory), expresive language, motor planning, mathematical equations, and working memory
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The prefrontal lobe mediates what?
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executive functions (organization, planning, sequencing, motivation), self insight, and regulation of emotions
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When is the frontal lobe considered mostly mature?
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Late adolescence or early adulthood
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What is the function of the parietal lobes?
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sensory detection, perception, adn interpretation
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What is the function of the temporal lobes?
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audition (hearing), comprehension of language, and long term memory
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What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
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interpreation of visual stimuli
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What is the insula?
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Possible 5th lobe, has a role in gustatory information and a possible role in the interpretation of music
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What is the right hemisphere largely responsible for?
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Interpretation of perceptual and spatial information such as reading maps and creating music and art.
Abstract and creative part Interprets tonal inflections in language Controls movement and receive sensory input from the left side of the body Symbolism |
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What is the left hemisphere largely responsible for?
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The expression and interpretion of of written and spoken words.
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In people who are right-hand dominant which hemisphere is mostly dominant?
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left hemisphere
Controls movement and receive sensory input from the right side of the body |
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People who have aphasia usually hanve sustained and injury on what side of the brain?
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left hemisphere damage
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What is the difference between grey matter and white matter?
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grey matter is nonmyelineated and white matter is mylinated
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Is white matter located below or above grey matter?
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below/beneath
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What are ganglia?
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collection of of neural cell bodies usually located in the PNS
Example: Dorsal Root Ganglion |
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The Dorsal Root Ganglion contains the what?
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cell bodies of the sensory spinal nerves
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What is a commissure
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any collection of axons (white matter) that connect one side of the nervous systemn to another
Examples: Corpus Callosum, and the pyramidal decussation |
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What is the Diencephalon and what are its parts?
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Old part of the brain consisting of the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus
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What does the thalamus do?
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Receives all sensory information , except olfaction, it then is interpreted by the thalamus and relayed to the cortex.
considered gate way to the cortex |
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How many pairs of nuclei are in the thalamus? 4 imprtant nuclei are what?
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26
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Medial Geniculate Nucleus Ventrolateral Nucleus Ventral posteriorlateral Nucleus |
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Lateral Geniculate Nucleus is responsible for?
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Visual processing
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Medial Geniculate Nucleus is responsible for?
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auditory processing
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Ventrolateral Nucleus is responsible for?
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organization of motor responses
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Ventral posteriorlateral Nucleus is responsible for?
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tactile sensory processing
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1. What part of the brain is responsible for sleep/wake cycles?
2. What part of the brain assists in the role of sleep/wake cycles? |
1. hypothalamus
2. thalamus |
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What part of the brain receives motor informtaion from the cerebral hemishperes and relays it to the motor receptors
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thalamus
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What part of the brain works with the reticular activating system to alert the brain of important incoming sensory information adn to calm the body down
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thalamus
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What are the 6 functions of the hypothalamus?
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Regulates the ANS
Releases hormones from the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and pineal gland Regulates temperature Regulates hunger Regulates sleep/wake cycles Works with the limbic system in the expression of emotion |
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What does the subthalamus do?
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Contains cells that use dopamine and it is teh key structure connecting feedback and feedforward circuits of the thalamus and basal ganglia
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What is the role of the pituitary gland?
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it is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate growth, reproductive activities, and metabolic processes.
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What are the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland?
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GH growth hormone
PRL prolactin (lactation) LH Luteininzing hormone (reproduction) TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone (metabolism) FSH follicle stimulating hormone (reproduction) ACTH Adrenocorticotrophic (regulates stress) |
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What is the corpus callosum?
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Largest commissure in the brain
It allows the right and left cerebral hemispheres to communicate with eachother |
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What is the optic chiasm?
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Crossing over point
It is a cross shaped connection located between the optic nerves |
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If the corpus callosum is lesioned what 2 structures allows the two hemispheres to communicate?
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Anterior commissure
Posterior commissure |
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What is the internal capsule responsible for?
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All descending motor messages from the cortex travel through the internal capsule to the thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord and the skeletal muscles
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What three structures is the brain stem composed of?
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Midbrain
Pons Medulla |
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What does the brainstem control?
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Vegetative functions:
1.Respiration 2. Cough and gag reflex 3. Pupillary response 4. Swallowing Reflex |
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What does the mid brain do?
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Has a role in automatic reflexive behaviors dealing with vision and audition.
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What are the 4 external structures of the midbrain?
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1. Cerebral peduncles
2. Interpeduncular fossa 3. Superior colliculi 4. Inferior colliculi |
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what are the 5 internal structures of the midbrain?
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1. Cerebral aquaduct
2. Superior/inferior colliculi 3.cerebral peduncles 4. tegmentum 5. Tectum |
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What is the Pons responsible for?
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It largely mediates motor information on an unconsious level, for example shifting weight to maintain balance and making fine motor adjustments in one's muslces to perform precise coordinated limb movement
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What does the medulla do?
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Carries descending motor messages from the cerebrum to the spinal cord.It also carries ascending sensory messages from the spinal cord to the cerebrum
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The reticular formation consists of what 2 systems?
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Reticular activating system (RAS)
Reticular inhibiting system (RIS) |
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What does the RAS do?
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brainstem center that is involved in states of wakefulness and sets the general level of activation of the brain
It plays a role in alerting teh cortex to pay attention to important sensory stimuli |
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What does the RIS do?
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brainstem center that is involved in states of unconsiousness such as sleep, stupor or coma
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Name the ascending sensory Spinal cord tracts
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Dorsal column
Lateral Spinothalamic Anterior Spinothalamic Posterior spinocerebellar Anterior Spinocerebellar |
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What are the functions of the Dorsal Column
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discriminitive touch
pressure vibration proprioception kinesthesia |
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Where does the dorsal column decussate
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Medulla
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What happens if you have a complete severence of the spinal cord where it cuts both dorsal tracts?
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Bilateral loss of sensation such as discriminitive touch pressure vibration proprioception and kinesthesia
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What happens if you have a hemi lesion (on one side of the spinal cord) below the decussation
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ipsilateral loss of discriminitive touch pressure vibration proprioception and kinesthesia
Example:If the RT SC is severed at T1 is causes right sided swnsory loss |
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What happens if a person has a hemi lesion of the dorsal column in the brainstem above the medulla (above where it decussates).
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contralateral sensory loss of discriminitive touch pressure vibration proprioception and kinesthesia
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What information does the lateral spinothalamic tract carry
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Pain and temperature
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Where does the spinothalamic decussate?
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Immediatly at the Spinal cord level
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What happens id the spinothalamic tract is lesioned on one side of the cord (hemi-lesion)?
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At the level of the lesion bilateral sensory loss
Below the level of the lesion contraleteral sensory loss |
