Neuro Test File

Front 1

What gives rise to:
1. neurons in the cerebral cortex
2. neuroglia
3. ependymal cells
4. Nuclear cell populations in the brainstem

Back 1

Neurotubular Epithelium (CNS)

Front 2

T/F Schwann cells produce myelin in the CNS & PNS

Back 2

False
Schwann cells are not in the CNS

Front 3

What can:
1. Phagocytize injured neuron processes
2. produce myelin for one nerve process at a time
3. contribute to the formation of nodes of Ranvier

Back 3

Schwann cells

Front 4

T/F Lloyd type III fibers are myelinated

Back 4

True

Front 5

Where are these cells developed from?
1. Adrenal medulla
2. Post ganglionic autonomic neurons
3. Schwann Cells
4. Dorsal root ganglion

Back 5

Neural Crest cells

Front 6

What does the fully developed proencephalon consist of?

Back 6

1. Diencephalon
2. Telencephalon
3. Mesencephalon
4. Rhomencephalon

Front 7

What is the developmental process that forms the neural tube called?

Back 7

Neurulation

Front 8

What condition may result from failure of closure of the POSTERIOR portion of the neural tube?

Back 8

Spina Bifida

Front 9

Where does the medulla develop from?

Back 9

Portion of the secondary vesicle known as myencephalon

Front 10

Are microglia categorized as true glial cells?

Back 10

No, Macrophages

Front 11

What glial cell has perivascular feet?

Back 11

Fibrous astrocyte

Front 12

What glial cells help form the choroid plexus?

Back 12

Ependymal cells

Front 13

What classification do sympathetic preganglionic axons fall into?

Back 13

Type B
(preganglionic,motor)

Front 14

What spinal cord lamina is considered to be the pain gauge?

Back 14

II

Front 15

Where are the preganglionic cells for the Sympathetic nervous system?

Back 15

Intermediolateral gray column

Front 16

Motor cells of the spinal cord are arranged somatopically; so that neurons which innervate the trunk would be found?

Back 16

Medial to neurons which innervate the thigh

Front 17

What does the central nucleus of Lamina IX innervate & where is it found?

Back 17

Associated w/innervation of the diaphragm
Found in spinal cord levels C3,4,5

Front 18

The Mesencephalic Nucleus of V is associated w/which sensory modality?

Back 18

Proprioception (GSA)

Front 19

The Spinal Nucleus of the trigeminal nerve is analogous to what nuclear group on the spinal cord?

Back 19

Substantia gelatinosa

Front 20

Where does the hypothalamus and thalamus develop from?

Back 20

The Diencephalon

Front 21

Sensory cell populations of the brainstem arise from which group of precursor cells?

Back 21

Basalar plate (sensory)

Front 22

Which plate gives rise to motor cell populations?

Back 22

Alar plate

Front 23

Why do large diameter neurons conduct impulses faster?

Back 23

they are myelinated

Front 24

Why is the developing nervous system beginning to fold on itself?

Back 24

It is growing at a faster rate than the developing skull

Front 25

What do Lamina VIII neurons form?

Back 25

the interneuron pool

Front 26

Which of the following is dependent on cellular energy?
a) facilitated diffusion
b) active transport
c) passive diffusion
d) ionophore mediated ionic movement
e) more than one of the above

Back 26

Active transport only

Front 27

What will happen if XCl is added to the extracellular fluid and it readily dissociates but only Cl- is permeable?

Back 27

Cl will reach equilibrium

Front 28

What is the primary ionic determinant of resting membrane potential?

Back 28

Potassium

Front 29

What does the resting membrane potential primarily result from?

Back 29

Potassium permeability

Front 30

What is the Nernst Potential?

Back 30

The membrane potential needed to counteract the concentration gradient

Front 31

What are the ion concentrations at the peak of the action potential?

Back 31

PNa>PK>PCl

Front 32

What blocks the voltage-gated sodium channel?

Back 32

Tetrodotoxin

Front 33

What is the absolute refractory period?

Back 33

The time when the inactivation gates are closed

Front 34

What increases conduction velocity?

Back 34

Myelination & Increased axon diameter

Front 35

What tends to decrease synaptic transmission?

Back 35

1. Adding a calcium channel blocker
2. Partially depolarize the axon terminal prior to arrival of the action potential
3. Depletion of synaptic vesicles

Front 36

What ion increased permeability results in an EPSP?

Back 36

Sodium & Potassium

Front 37

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?

Back 37

Glycine

Front 38

Where are IPSPs primarily located?

Back 38

On the cell body

Front 39

What are the properties of a typical EPSP?

Back 39

a. It is about 20 mV in amplitude
b. Lasts about 2 microseconds
c. Is apt to accur on a dendritic spine

Front 40

What are the properties of calcium spikes?

Back 40

May be generated in dendrites
Are essentially giant EPSPs

Front 41

What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Back 41

Glutamate

Front 42

What are the catecholamines?

Back 42

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

Front 43

T/F
A receptor potential
Increases as stimulus strength increases
Gives rise to a frequency of action potentials
Tends to decrease in amplitude with a constant stimulus strength

Back 43

T

Front 44

What is the Nernst potential for sodium?

Back 44

+50 mV

Front 45

Which cranial nerve nucleus is associate w/activity of the pupillary constrictor muscles?

Back 45

CNIII -> Edger-Westing nucleus

Front 46

The sternocleidomastoid muscle and muscles of the pharynx would receive motor information from which brainstem nuclear group?

Back 46

Nucleus Ambiguous

Front 47

The solitary nucleus is associated with which two types of sensory activity?

Back 47

SVA & GVA

Front 48

Which nucleus in the spinal cord contains pre-ganglionic sympathetic cells?

Back 48

Intermedio-lateral nucleus

Front 49

Which brainstem nuclear population is associated with the parasympathetic output of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Back 49

Inferior Salivary Nucleus

Front 50

The Nucleus Dorsalis of Clarke contains cells associated w/what function?

Back 50

Proprioception

Front 51

Which trigeminal nuclear population is associated specifically with touch and pressure sensation?

Back 51

Chief Sensory Nucleus of V

Front 52

Fiber tracts in the white matter of the spinal cord are grouped together in regions referred to as ______

Back 52

Faciculi??

Front 53

Which nucleus is associated w/movement of the tongue?

Back 53

Motor nucleus of XII

Front 54

List 4 cranial nerves which send information to the mesencephalic nucleus of V1

Back 54

CN VII
CN IV
CN VI
CN III

Front 55

List 4 nuclear groups associated with the facial nerve and the specific function of each

Back 55

Superior Salivary (Secretomotor to salivary glands)
Solitary Nucleus (taste)
Mesencephalic Nucleus of VII (Proproception)
Motor Nucleus of VII (Facial expression muscles)

Front 56

Fibers for the transmission of sharp well localized painful stimuli fall into what Lloyd classification?

Back 56

Aδ

Front 57

What is the specific thalamic nucleus which relays general sensations from the head to the cerebral cortex?

Back 57

Ventroposterior medial

Front 58

What is the only sensation which does not pass to the thalamus on it's way to the cerebral cortex?
a. pain
b. unconscious proprioreception
c. taste
d. smell
e. crude touch

Back 58

D. Smell does NOT pass through the thalamus

Front 59

What does the inverse stretch (golgi tendon) reflex demonstrate?

Back 59

1. Autogenic inhibition
2. Reciprocal inhibition
3. Recurrent inhibition

Front 60

What happens at the peak of the overshoot, regarding permeability?

Back 60

Sodium & Potassium permeabilities are both higher than at rest

Front 61

During synaptic transmission
a. inhibitory neurotransmitters are primarily released onto nerve terminals
b. synapsin directly binds to calcium
c. voltage-gated calcium channels open allowing for exocytosis of synaptic vesicles
d. excitatory neurotransmitters may increase permeability to potassium and chloride in the post synaptic cell
e. acetylcholine is the most likely transmitter found at central nervous system synapses

Back 61

C. Voltage gated calcium channels opening allows for exocytosis of synaptic vesicles

Front 62

A patient with degeneration of the premotor cortex (secondary motor cortex) in the left hemisphere will
a. exhibit bilateral paralysis
b. exhibit right side paralysis
c. exhibit left side paralysis
d. exhibit less discrete movements on the right side
e. exhibit less discrete movements on the left side

Back 62

D. Exhibit less discrete movements on the right side

Front 63

The period of afterhyperpolarization is defined by
a. the period whe the sodium activation gate is closed
a. the period whe the sodium activation gate is closed
b. the period whe the sodium inactivation gate is open
c. the period whe the sodium inactivation gate is open
d. the period whe the potassium gate is open

Back 63

D. The period when the potassium gate is open

(the inactivation gate is closed & the activation gate is open)

Front 64

The Basal Nuclei develop from neurotubular epithelium and are a portion of?
a. diencephalons
b. telecephalon
c. metencephalon
d. mesencephalon
e. myelencephalon

Back 64

B. Telencephalon

Front 65

What type of neuron fiber is a type C fiber?

Back 65

slow

Front 66

An autosomal dominant condition in which patients develop cafe au lait spots, Lisch nodules, and multiple tumors in nerves is:

Back 66

Neurofibromatosis

Front 67

The internal capsule is part of a?

Back 67

Projection Pathway

Front 68

The majority of the arterial blood supply to the lateral surface of the cerebral cortex is provided by?

Back 68

Middle cerebral artery

Front 69

Broadman's areas 44&45 are also known as?

Back 69

Brocas motor speech area

Front 70

An individual who has difficulty reading and writing certain words may hav injured the?

Back 70

Angular Gyrus

Front 71

A primary difference between capillaries of the brain vs other areas of the body is?

Back 71

They have no fenestrations

Front 72

What Broadman number is given to the receptive speech area of the cortex?

Back 72

22

Front 73

Tracking motion of the eyes is controlled by which specific cortical area?

Back 73

Broadman's area #4

Front 74

The superior petrosal sinus drains the cavernous sinus into the?

Back 74

Junction of the transverse and sigmoid sinus

Front 75

All of the openings transport cerebrospinal fluid from the 4th ventricle, except?

a) foramen of Luchka
b) Opening of the central spinal canal
c) foramen Magiendi
d) arachnoid granulations

Back 75

d)

arachnoid granulations do not transport CSF from the 4th ventricle

Front 76

Which spinal cord lamina is considered to be the pain gate?

Back 76

II

Front 77

Motor cells of the spinal cord are arranged in such a manner that neurons which innervate the foot would be found?

Back 77

Lateral to neurons that innervate the trunk

Front 78

Motor cells for flexors and extensors of the hand or foot are found in which specific cell population?

Back 78

Retrodorsolateral

Front 79

A laceration of the spinal cor, just into its lateral surface would most likely injure?

Back 79

Ascending tracts

Front 80

Ataxia is a loss of muscular synergy. Injury to which pathways could lead to ataxia?

Back 80

Posterior Spinocerebellar tract
Dorsal Columns

Front 81

All of the following are associated with the reticular formation except?

a) head posture due to audio or visual stimuli
b) cortical arousal
c) sleep-awake cycles
d) evaluation to the quality of sensory stimuli

Back 81

a)

Front 82

Anterior horn cells, alpha motoneurons and final common pathway all describe cells of which lamina?

Back 82

Lamina IX

Front 83

What neurotransmitter substance turns off alpha motoneurons?

Back 83

Glycine

Front 84

Why is pain considered a noxious stimuli?

Back 84

Because it is responsible for detecting tissue damage

Front 85

Gamma motoneurons stimulate?

Back 85

Muscle spindle fibers

Front 86

What tract arises from the cerebral cortical hemisphere of the opposite side which it lies in the spinal cord, due to 90% crossing in the medullary pyramids?

Back 86

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

Front 87

What are Golgi Tendon Organ Afferents?

Back 87

Ibeta fibers

Front 88

Neural crest cells give rise to?

Back 88

THINGS in the PNS***

i.e. schwann cells, DRG, malanocytes

Front 89

Neural Tubular cells give rise to?

Back 89

THINGS in the CNS***

Front 90

All of the following is true of oligodendrocytes, except?

a) exist as satellite cells in the grey matter
b) produce myelin in the CNS
c) may line up alongside blood vessels
d) have phagocytic capability

Back 90

d)
Oligodendrocytes do not have phagocytic capability (schwann cells do)

Front 91

Myasthenia gravis is disease which affects the ability of the neurotransmitter to bind to the motor end plate receptors of skeletal muscles. What may be useful in reversing this?

Back 91

Neostigmine

Front 92

According to the Gasser Erlanger nerve classification the fastest conducting fibers are?

Back 92

Aalpha

Front 93

What is the primary ascending pathway for pain?

Back 93

The lateral spinothalmic tract

Front 94

Where are the preganglionic cells for the sympatheti nervous system located?

Back 94

Intermediolateral gray column

Front 95

The sulcus limitans divides the spinal cord into?

Back 95

Groups of sensory and motor cell bodies

Front 96

Motor cells of the spinal cord are arranged somatotopically so that neurons which innervate the foot would be found?

Back 96

Lateral to neurons which innervate the trunk

Front 97

The second order cell (bodies) of the dorsal column medial leminiscus system are found?

Back 97

In the nucleus gracilis and cuneatus

Front 98

What pathway is associated with coordinating trunk posture with head movement as a result of visual and auditory stimuli?

Back 98

tectospinal pathway

Front 99

What pathway is associated with quadrapedal movement?

Back 99

Rubrospinal pathway

Front 100

Motor cells for extensor activity are located in what position to motor cells for flexor activity?

Back 100

anterior

Pons do extensor
medulla does flexor

Front 101

What separates the fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis?

Back 101

The dorsal intermediate sulcus

Front 102

The reticulospinal pathway is associated with all of the following except?

a) sleep awake cycles
b) cortical arousal
c) response to aversive stimuli
d) audio-visual stimulation

Back 102

d)

Front 103

Where are almost all third order sensory cell bodies found?

Back 103

In the THALAMUS

Front 104

A fiber tract associated with the transmission of information in regard to unconsious proprioception for the lower extremity?

Back 104

Fasciculus Gracilis

Front 105

What common pharmacological agent inhibits the breakdown of Acetylcholine and can be useful in the treatment of myasthenia gravis?

Back 105

Neostigmine

Front 106

The central nucleus of lamina IX innervates what?

Back 106

the diaphram C345

Front 107

Which cranial nerves are associated with the nucleus ambiguous?

Back 107

IX X XI

Front 108

Which cranial nerves are associated with the solitary nucleus?

Back 108

VII IX X

Front 109

Which spinal cord lamina is considerd the pain gate?

Back 109

Lamina II

Front 110

Which Lamina contain neurons for the ANS?

Back 110

Lamina VII

Front 111

The sulcus limitans divides the spinal cord into?

Back 111

Groups of sensory and motor cell pathways

Front 112

Motor cells for flexors and extensors of the hand or foot are found in which specific cell population?

Back 112

Retrodorsolateral

Front 113

Preganglionic ANS of the spinal cord are found in which neuron location?

Back 113

Intermediolateral

Front 114

The majority of interneurons are found in which gray horn lamina?

Back 114

Lamina VIII

Front 115

What happens to the distal portion of the neuron after injury?

Back 115

It degenerates

Front 116

Which classification of neurons is specific for sensory neurons?

Back 116

The Lloyd Classification

Front 117

IPSPs usually result in?

Back 117

The elevation of threshold potentials

Front 118

The brainstem nuclear group that receives information in regards to taste sensation is called?

Back 118

Solitary Nucleus

Front 119

All of the following are associated with lower motoneuron disease, except:

a) rigidity
b) atrophy of disuse
c) absence of reflexes
d) flaccid paralysis

Back 119

a) rigidity

(Upper motoneuron lesion)

Front 120

What type of stimuli do muscle spindles respond to?

Back 120

Stretch

Front 121

What kind of sensations do proprioreceptors monitor?
1) posture 2) touch 3) kinesthesia 4) pressure

Back 121

Posture and kinesthesia

Front 122

Al of the followin are true of pain receptors except:

a) monitored by exteroreceptors
b) a somatic sensation
c) monitored unconsciously
d) can play a role in reflexes

Back 122

?

Front 123

All of the following are associated with disruption of the corticospinal pathway except:

a) spasticity
b) hyperactive reflexes
c) atrophy of disuse
d) clasp knife reflex

Back 123

?

Front 124

Association fibers carry cortical information from?

Back 124

Anterior to Posterior cortical areas

Front 125

The specific function of teh supplementary motor cortex (Broadman #8) is:

Back 125

Conjugate eye movement

Front 126

The inverted distorted humanoid somatotopic representations over the primary motor and sensory gyri is referred to as?

Back 126

Homunculus

Front 127

Damage to cortical cell populations on the superior medial pole of the pre-central gyrus would most likely affect?

Back 127

Movement of the lower extremity

Front 128

Injury to Wernickes area (broadman #22) would?**

Back 128

Interfere with the understanding of language
Wernicke’s Receptive speech Area (22) Lesions -► Receptive aphasia loss of the ability to comprehend. Words just sound like noise.

Front 129

What is the inability to recognize an object simply by feeling its shape and texture?

Back 129

Astereognosia

Front 130

The primary difference between capillary endothelium of the brain and the capillaries of the rest of the body?

Back 130

There are tight junctions w/little or no fenestrations in brain capillaries

Front 131

The anterior and middle lobes of the cerebellum are separated by?

Back 131

Primary fissure

Front 132

The archicerebellum consists of what structures?
1)culmen
2)nodulus
3)lingula
4)flocculus

Back 132

?

Front 133

Postural musculature is regulated by which cerebellar lobe?

Back 133

?

Front 134

Together the putamen and the globus pallidus are referred to as the?

Back 134

Lentiform nucleus

Front 135

The nucleus accumbens plays a role in control of?

Back 135

Muscles of facial expression

Front 136

What is a characteristic hyperkinetic sign of parkinsons disease?

Back 136

Resting tremor

Front 137

The amygdala is a nuclear region which modulates?

Back 137

Movements associated with mating

Front 138

Which area does not participate actively in movement when we are asleep?

Back 138

cerebellum

Front 139

The second order cells for taste sensation arise in what nucleus?

Back 139

solitary nucleus

Front 140

What is the primary cause of ageusia?

Back 140

?

Front 141

The reverse stretch GTO reflex?

Back 141

Is a result of excessive contraction of working muscle

Front 142

T/F
Pain is monitored unconsciously

Back 142

False
very conscious

Front 143

The superior saggital sinus is formed by

Back 143

dural folding

Front 144

The cochlea apparatus is arranged in such a way that?

Back 144

new tones are detected only in the apical region

Front 145

The dominant cerebral hemisphere is usually defined by?

Back 145

The side responsible for generating language