Neuro Motor Pathways

Front 1

What forms do reflex synapses come in?

(sorry poorly worded because I can't think of how else to ask it)

Back 1

Monosynaptic
Disynaptic
Polysynaptic

Front 2

Where does the coordination of voluntary motor activity take place?

Back 2

Cerebellum (muscle synergy)

Front 3

Where does modulation of motor activity take place?

Back 3

Basal Nuclei (regulate motor pattern output)

Front 4

Where is the origin of volitional motor activity?

Back 4

Cerebral (motor) cortex

Front 5

What type of neuron supplies the Extrafusal Fibers of skeletal muscle?

Back 5

Alpha (α) Motor Neurons
(anterior horn cells, lamina IX cells, final common path)

Front 6

Which motorneurons innervate Skeletal Muscle Fibers directly?

Back 6

α motor fibers

Front 7

Which motor nerve type causes the skeletal muscle fiber to contract?

Back 7

α motor nerve

Front 8

Which motor cell type is synonymous with lamina IX cells, anterior horn cells, ventral horn cells, lower motor neuron, and final common path?

Back 8

α Motorneurons

Front 9

Which motor cell type is synonymous with lamina IX cells, anterior horn cells, ventral horn cells, lower motor neuron, and final common path?

Back 9

α Motorneurons

Front 10

Which motor cell type supplies Intrafusal Fibers of neuromuscular spindles?

Back 10

(Gamma) ɣ motor neuron

Front 11

What motor cell type innervate the Muscle Spindle Fiber directly?

Back 11

(Gamma) ɣ Motorneurons

Front 12

What motor cell type regulates spindle sensitivity?

Back 12

ɣ Motorneurons

Front 13

What is a receptor that is stimulated by the stretch of a skeletal muscle fiber (extrafusal skeletal muscle)?

Back 13

Muscle Spindle (intrafusal skeletal muscle)

Front 14

What motor cell type is the Dilated portion of the spindle that monitors the velocity of stretch of change in length (dynamic activity)?

Back 14

Nuclear Bag

Front 15

What motor cell type is the elongated portion of the spindle running parallel to the nuclear bag that monitors the change in Length of the muscle fiber?

Back 15

Nuclear Chain
(static activity)

Front 16

What motor cell component is the beginning of the Ia fiber surrounding the nuclear bag and the nuclear chain?

Back 16

Annulospiral

Front 17

What fiber type synapses on alpha motor neurons?

Back 17

Ia fiber (or Aalpha)

Front 18

What are the properties of Ia fibers?

Back 18

Afferent nerve fibers specifically from annulospiral muscle spindles
Synapse on alpha motor neurons
Thick fiber and conducts very fast

Front 19

What are the properties of II fibers?

Back 19

Flower spray endings come together
Afferent fibers from the trailing ends of the muscle spindle
Monitor changes in muscle fiber length (static)

Front 20

What glycinergic interneurons are excited by collateral processes of excited alpha-motor neurons?

Back 20

Renshaw Interneurons

Front 21

How do Renshaw Interneurons act as an off-switch?

Back 21

By inhibiting the alpha-motor neuron which excited them

(Recurrent inhibition)

Front 22

What are the components of reflexes?

Back 22

Afferent Fibers from the stretch receptor, intrafusal muscle fibers(Iα & II)

Efferent Fibers (Aα & Aɣ)

Front 23

What efferent fiber in a reflex is affected by upper motorneurons to regulate tonus & allows us to have Higher Muscle Control?

Back 23

Aɣ - motor neuron to Intrafusal skeletal muscle fiber (ɣ motorneuron)

Front 24

What fibers in a reflex come back into the nervous system & cause excitation of Agonist alpha motorneurons and inhibition of antagoist alpha motor neurons?

Back 24

Iα - annulospiral ending (dynamic movement)
II - flower spray ending (static activity)

(this is what is going to give us movement, excitation of agonist alpha motoneurons and inhibition of antagonist alpha motoneurons.)

Front 25

What are some examples of a monosynaptic (stretch, myotactic) reflex?

Back 25

Pateller tendon, Knee Jerk

Front 26

What is the Receptor, Stimulus, Afferent Fiber,Number of Synapses Efferent Fiber, & effector for the Monosynaptic (stretch, myotatic) reflex?

Back 26

Receptor: Muscle Spindle
Stimulus: Stretch of Muscle, which causes a stretch in the muscle spindle
Afferent Fiber: Iα simultaneously excite interneurons which stimulates an agonists alpha motorneuron & exciting interneurons which inhibits the antagonists α motorneuron (reciprocal inhibition)
Synapses: 1
Efferent Fiber: Aα (α motorneuron)
Effector: Extrafusal muscle fiber of the muscle which was stretched (agonist)

Front 27

What is the term for when afferents simultaneously excite interneurons which stimulates an agonists alpha motorneuron while at the same time exciting interneurons which inhibits the antagonists alpha motorneuron

Back 27

Reciprocal Inhibition (they will have an effect on the antagonist)

Front 28

What is the purpose of having a Golgi Tendon Reflex?

Back 28

Protective

Front 29

What are the synapses for the Golgi Tendon Reflex?

Back 29

Inhibitory interneuron to α motorneuron of muscle contracting (agonist)

Excitatory interneuron to alpha motorneuron of opposing muscle (antagonist)

Front 30

What do Iβ fibers do?

Back 30

Simultaneously excite an interneuron that is inhibitory to the alpha motoneuron of the agonist muscle while exciting the alpha motoneuron of the antagonist muscle

Front 31

Which reflex pertains to reciprocal inhibition?

Back 31

Monosynaptic stretch reflex

(turns itself off)

Front 32

Which reflex pertains to reciprocal excitation?

Back 32

Golgi Tendon Organ

(balance by contracting agonist muscles and inhibiting antagonist muscles)

Front 33

What is the afferent fiber for GTO reflex?

Back 33

Ibeta

Front 34

What is the afferent fiber for flexor reflex?

Back 34

C or D pain afferents

Front 35

What is the afferent fiber for myotatic stretch reflex?

Back 35

Ialpha

Front 36

Which reflex is a flexor crossed extensor?

Back 36

Withdrawal reflex

(stayin alive pose)

Front 37

Which pathway is the primary volitional (conscious) motor pathway?

Back 37

Corticospinal tract

Front 38

Is the reticulospinal pathway crossed or uncrossed?

Back 38

Primarily uncrossed

(some crossover in the medulla)

Front 39

In the reticulospinal tract, what region has the greatest effect on the FLEXOR muscles?

Back 39

Medulla

Front 40

In the reticulospinal tract, what region has the greatest effect on the EXTENSOR muscles?

Back 40

Pons

Front 41

Which pathway is crossed and is involved with Reflexive movements of the head and neck in response to visual and auditory stimuli?

Back 41

Tectospinal tract

Front 42

Which pathway is involved with Postural adjustments by antigravity musculature in response to the movement or
tilting of the head and has Vestibular nuclei in medulla to interneurons and moto --neurons?

Back 42

Vestibulospinal tract

Front 43

Which pathway coordinates quadripedal movement?

Back 43

Rubrospinal tract
(crossed)

Front 44

Is the vestibulospinal tract crossed or uncrossed?

Back 44

uncrossed

Front 45

What is An uncrossed pathway which modulates sensory transmission between 1st & 2nd order
neurons in posterior gray horn with respect to painful stimuli.

Back 45

Raphe spinal tract

Front 46

What is the neurotransmitter for the raphespinal tract?

Back 46

seratonin

Front 47

What lesion would lead to:
1. Paralysis or Paresis
2. Muscle Wasting (atrophy of disuse)
3. Areflexive
4. Fasiculations

Back 47

Lower Motor Neuron Lesion

Front 48

What lesion would lead to:
1. Paralysis (usually hemiplegic) a) Flaccid b) Spastic c) Clasp Knife reflex
2. Hypereflexive
3. Clonus (flexors)
4. Babinski Sign
5. Absence of Abdominal Reflex

Back 48

Upper Motor Neuron Lesion

Front 49

If muscles become inactive through nerve damage, they won't store glycogen or other energy substrates in order to move. So, what happens?

Back 49

The muscles start to shrink & there is no way of completely bringing them back.

Muscle Wasting Atrophy of Disuse

Front 50

What is the term for there is no response to a reflex stimulus?

Back 50

Areflexia

Front 51

What is the term for oscillations?

Back 51

Fasiculations

Front 52

What is the term for you can't move?

Back 52

Flaccid

Front 53

What is the term for limited range of motion, due to limbs or muscles being contracted when injured cells are starting to heal?

Back 53

Spastic

Front 54

If you can't pull the forearm down pressure will trigger the golgi tendon reflex. What type of reflex is this?

Back 54

Clasp Knife Reflex

Front 55

What is the term for more exaggerated than usual if you lose upper motor control?

Back 55

Hypereflexia

Front 56

What is the term for flexor musculature in an extremity starting to oscillate?

Back 56

Clonus (flexors)

(larger than fasiculations)

Front 57

What cerebellar lobe is responsible for:
1. equilibrium
2. communication w/vestibular system
3. developed 1st evolutionarily

Back 57

Archicerebellum = Floculonodular Lobe

Front 58

What cerebellar lobe is responsible for:
1. Propulsive type movements
2. running swimming walking

Back 58

Palleocerebellum = Anterior Lobe

Front 59

What cerebellar lobe is responsible for:
1. *Coordination of fine movement (opposable thumbs)
2. Cerebellum of higher mammals
3. Newest portion evolutionarily

Back 59

Neocerebellum = Posterior/Middle Lobe

Front 60

What lesion affects:
1. loss of muscle tone
2. loss of coordination (ataxia)
3. disorders of equilibrium and gait

Back 60

Cerebellar dysfunction

Front 61

What are the dysinergies associated with cerebellar dysfunction?

Back 61

Ataxia
Dysmetria
Dysarthria
Dysdiadocokinesia
Decomposition of movement
Titubation
Tremor (intention)

Front 62

What is the condition and area affected by Lack of coordination and Staggered gait?

Back 62

Ataxia
Cerebellar

Front 63

What is the condition and area affected by not being able to touch the tip of nose w/finger & is a misgaging of movement or perception?

Back 63

Dysmetria
Cerebellar

Front 64

What is the condition and area affected by Trouble speaking, slurred speech?

Back 64

Dysarthria
Cerebellar

Front 65

What is the condition and area affected by Inability to do rapily altering movement (pronation/supination)?

Back 65

Dysdiadocokinesia
Cerebellar

Front 66

What is the condition and area affected by appendages all over the place & cannot get a coordinated movement pattern together?

Back 66

Decomposition of movement
Cerebellar

Front 67

What is the condition and area affected by someone who has chronic oscillation of the neck (bobble-head dolls)?

Back 67

Titubation
Cerebellar

Front 68

What is the condition and area affected by beginning to shake when you reach for something?

Back 68

Tremor (cerebellar disease when it is a tremor of intention)
Cerebellar

Front 69

What 3 signs would indicate a chronically drunk individual?

Back 69

Ataxia
Dysmetria
Dysarthria

The major cause of cerebellar dysfunction is alcohol abuse.

Front 70

What part of the basal ganglia controls Sex & Smell?

Back 70

Amygdala

Front 71

What part of the basal ganglia controls Behavioral and Cognitive motor control?

Back 71

Caudate

Front 72

What part of the basal ganglia controls muscles of facial expression?

Back 72

Nucleus Accumbens

Front 73

What part of the basal ganglia controls Rotational (contratraverse) movement?

Back 73

Globus Pallidus

Front 74

What part of the basal ganglia controls distal limb operation (hands & feet)

Back 74

Putamen

(use your distal limbs to put-a-man-down) AL gets credit

Front 75

Which part of the basal nucleus influences dopamine?

Back 75

Substantia nigra

Front 76

What type of lesion leads to dyskinesias (hypo/hyperkinesia)?

Back 76

Basal Nuclei Lesions

Front 77

What is the most common form of hypokinesia?

Back 77

Parkinsons
Basal nuclei

Front 78

What are bradykinesia, rigidity, and facial mask categorized as?

Back 78

Hypokinesia
Basal Nuclei

Front 79

What are tremors (resting), chorea (tics), ballism, & athetosis categorized as?

Back 79

Hyperkinesia
Basal nuclei

Front 80

What are Reduced or VERY slow movements?

Back 80

Bradykinesia
Basal nuclei

Front 81

What is difficulty in movement?

Back 81

Rigidity
Basal Nuclei

Front 82

What is the term for lack of facial expressions?

Back 82

Facial Mask
basal nuclei

(nucleus accumbens)

Front 83

What is the pill rolling referred to as?

Back 83

resting tremor
Basal nuclei

Front 84

What are spontaneous involuntary movements (Toret's syndrome)?

Back 84

Chorea (tics)
Basal Nuclei

Front 85

What is the spontaneously throwing out of a limb?

Back 85

Ballism
Basal Nuclei

Front 86

What is the writhing, snake-like movements?

Back 86

Athetosis
Basal Nuclei

Front 87

What is problems with muscle tone (torticollis)?

Back 87

Dystonia
Basal Nuclei

Front 88

What causes too much bilirubin in your system while your nervous system is developing(Cerebral Palsy)?

Back 88

Kernicterus
Basal Nuclei

(We Are Not Retarded!! It is just a motor-system disease)