Neuro Lec 1

Front 1

photoreceptor cells

Back 1

- rods and cones (in retina)
- respond directly to light

Front 2

what kind of receptor is a nicotinic receptor

Back 2

ionotrophic

Front 3

interneurons

Back 3

- receive input from photoreceptors
- in retina
- make electrical signals to change membrane potential w/out making an action potential

Front 4

what kind of receptor is a catacholamine receptor

Back 4

metabotrophic

Front 5

retinal ganglion cells

Back 5

- in retina
- fire AP's (axons go outside retina)
- each one corresponds to a particular part of the visual field

Front 6

what kind of receptor is a neuropeptide receptor

Back 6

metabotrophic

Front 7

spatial receptive field

Back 7

- region of the visual field
where light can elicit AP activity from a retinal ganglion cell

Front 8

amino acid NTs

Back 8

glutamate (EPSP)
glycine (IPSP)
GABA (IPSP)

Front 9

fovea spatial receptive field

Back 9

small (small light spot elicits most dramatic change)

Front 10

neuropeptide NTs

Back 10

supstance P
cGRP
somatostatin

Front 11

peripheral spatial receptive field

Back 11

large (large spot of light elicits most dramatic response)

Front 12

monamine NTs

Back 12

catacholamines
seretonin

Front 13

on center receptive fields

Back 13

bright center flanked by low luminance surround - finds brighter objects in the background

Front 14

other NTs

Back 14

ACh
histamine
ATP

Front 15

off center receptive fields

Back 15

low luminance center flanked by bright surround - finds darker objects in the background

Front 16

Inhobitory receptors open what?

Back 16

open K and Cl receptors

Front 17

color opponent receptive fields

Back 17

represend wavelength info from cones (red, blue, green)

Front 18

AMPA receptor

Back 18

- glutamate causes Na and K ions to flow
- only lasts a few seconds

Front 19

movement receptive fields

Back 19

in periphery and larger (like its corresponding RGC)

Front 20

NMDA receptor

Back 20

- glutamate causes Na and Ca ions to flow, but only if its depolarized enough to remove the Mg ion
- can cause LTP

Front 21

LTP

Back 21

- an increase in post-synaptic responsiveness that lasts hours or days
- requires previous experience and the association of 2 stimuli

Front 22

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Back 22

- receives parallel (form vs motion) pathways from retina
-

Front 23

LTD

Back 23

- when LTP prevents a synapse from participating in other experience dependent activities
- occurs if the sypapse is activated at low f, or at a specific combo if inputs
- reduces # of AMPA or decreases G-protein efficiency

Front 24

M layer

Back 24

- 1 and 2 of LGN
- does movement
- larger

Front 25

LTP vs. LTD

Back 25

- LTD activates CaMKII in large amounts (too much can cause brain damage - released in injury)
- LTD activated Ca in small amounts and mayb gets the protein phosphatase pathway

Front 26

P layer

Back 26

- 3-6 of LGN
- does contrast
- smaller

Front 27

Gall

Back 27

did phrenology

Front 28

LGN contralateral

Back 28

- layers 1,4,6

Front 29

Flourens

Back 29

said brain was like cake

Front 30

LGN ipselateral

Back 30

- layers 2,3,5

Front 31

Broca's area

Back 31

- left inferior frontal gyrus
- can understand language but cant talk

Front 32

primary visual cortex

Back 32

- receives input from LGN
- 7 layers
- a radial unit of cells represents all orientation for a specific spatial field (in both eyes)
- foveal receptive field is disproportionatly large

Front 33

Wernicke's area

Back 33

- left superior temporal gyrus
- speak nonsense in natural rhythym, cant understand talking or writing

Front 34

PVC layer 4

Back 34

- LGN input
- center/surround RF's
- the LGN axons from each eye sort into ocular dominance columns
- layer 4 neurons in these columns are activated by either eye

Front 35

Wernikce's theory

Back 35

- Wernicke's area is where its decoded for the brain
- brain processec it and sends it back to Wernicke's
- then to broca's where its put into a form used by the precentral gyrus

Front 36

PVC layer 2/3, 5/6

Back 36

- binocular
- maximally stiumlated by an edge created at the boundary of light and dark regions of spatial RF for a certain angle
- good for P pathway info

Front 37

arcuate fasciculus

Back 37

damage to connection b/t broca and wernicke - have understanding but talk nonsensical

Front 38

orientation receptive fileds

Back 38

- spatial RF for a certain angle
- the neurons are arranged in radial columns going from ventrical to pia and have the same oreintation selectivity

Front 39

Spitza

Back 39

said brain size was related to intelligence

Front 40

movement selective neurons

Back 40

in 2/3, 5/6 and respond to moving edges of light

Front 41

P pathway

Back 41

- relayed to temporal lobes
- object recognition
- damage -> prosopagnosia
- individual V4 neurons have complex color selective properties

Front 42

INAH-3 nucleus

Back 42

- 3rd interstitial nucleus of anterior hypothalmus
- same size in women and gay men

Front 43

M pathway

Back 43

- relyaed to parietal lobe
- does movement and visual attention (where)
- higher order parietal neurons are maximally active when attending to specific objects

Front 44

what gives musicians perfect pitch

Back 44

a larger planum temporale, but only if they have muscial training before 7

Front 45

Fronal lobe in vision

Back 45

- visual perception and recognition
- infulences eye movement for selective attention
- working memory (orderly perception of time and space)

Front 46

AVP

Back 46

- blocks NMDA receptors (and LTP)
- mice can do associative learning, but not place learning (non-declarative)
- same effect if you knockout the CA1 region of hippocampus

Front 47

what happens if you kill neurons in CA1 of hippocampus?

Back 47

have working and sensory memory, but no new declarative long term memory after damage (can still learn new tasks)

Front 48

doxycycline (and its implications)

Back 48

- switches on a transgene that prevents NMDAr transcripts
- mice can retain new information if given this, so NMDA must be reactivated for new info to be consolidated
- NMDAr must be functional right after learning

Front 49

Epinephrine

Back 49

gets B-ard receptors in solitary nucleus (normally activated by vagus sensory afferent) and promotes memory consolidation

Front 50

Propandolol

Back 50

blocks B-adr receptors and impairs memory

Front 51

ventromedial frontal cortex

Back 51

necessary for motivation to learn - damage this and loose ability to look to future rewards