Neuro Fns Lect #30

Front 1

What are the three motor systems of the CNS?

Back 1

Corticospinal System, Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia

Front 2

Which Motor System (corticospinal, cerebellum, basal ganglia) is concerened with the execution of voluntary movement and the velocity and force of muscle contractions?

Back 2

Coticospinal

Front 3

Which Motor System (corticospinal, cerebellum, basal ganglia) is concerened with timing of movements across different muscle groups?

Back 3

cerebellum

Front 4

Which Motor System (corticospinal, cerebellum, basal ganglia) controls motor complexity and flexibility and is concerned with altering routine, automatic movements in response to needs or motivation?

Back 4

Basal Ganglia

Front 5

A lesion to this motor system of the CNS will produce spastic paralysis (coticospinal, cerebellum, basal ganglia)?

Back 5

Corticospinal

Front 6

A lesion to this motor system of the CNS will produce loss of coordination and improper timing and precision of movement (coticospinal, cerebellum, basal ganglia)?

Back 6

cerebellum

Front 7

A lesion to this motor system of the CNS will impair motor flexibility and complexity, and produce unwanted movements (coticospinal, cerebellum, basal ganglia)?

Back 7

Basal Ganglia

Front 8

Basal Ganglia and related structures are associated with _____ (somatic, autonomic) motor functions?

Back 8

somatic

Front 9

What are the two functional nuclei of the basal ganglia?

Back 9

Output nuclei and Input nuclei

Front 10

What structure (s) consist of the input nuclei of the basal ganglia?

Back 10

Striatum (caudate and putamen)

Front 11

Which structure (s) make up the output nuclei of the basal ganglia?

Back 11

MPS (medial pallidal segment) and SNr (Substantia Nigra Reticulata)

Front 12

This structure (Striatum, MPS, SNr) recieves afferents from widespread CNS centers?

Back 12

Striatum

Front 13

Which functional nuclei (input or output) recieves afferents from the striatum?

Back 13

Output (MPS and SNr)

Front 14

Efferents of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia project to which nuclei of the thalamus?

Back 14

VA and Vla

Front 15

From the VA and Vla, which receive efferents from the output nuclei of the basal ganglia, where do the projections go (primary motor cortex, auditory cortex, supplementary motor area, thalamus)?

Back 15

Supplementary motor area (planning area for movement)

Front 16

The supplementary motor area influences voluntary motor function of which descending pathways (corticospinal, corticoreticular, both, neither)?

Back 16

Both

Front 17

What are the two major pathways through the basal ganglia?

Back 17

Direct and Indirect

Front 18

The purpose of the Direct pathway is to (suppress or facilitate)_ movement?

Back 18

Facilitate

Front 19

The purpose of the Indirect pathway is to (suppress or facilitate) movement?

Back 19

Suppress

Front 20

Outputs from the striatum that proceed to the SNr and MPS represent the (indirect, direct, both, neither) pathway?

Back 20

Direct

Front 21

Outputs from the Striatum that proceed to the LPS are part of the pathway to (facilitate or suppress) movement?

Back 21

Suppress

Front 22

What are the two structural compoents of the striatum?

Back 22

Caudate and Putamen

Front 23

The head of the caudate merges with what anteroinferiorly (globus pallidus, anterior commisure, amygdala, putamen)?

Back 23

Putamen

Front 24

The tail of the caudate merges with what near the rostral tip of inferior horn of the lateral ventricle (globus pallidus, anterior commisure, amygdala, putamen)?

Back 24

Amygdala

Front 25

What forms the outer/lateral portion of the wedge shaped lentiform nucleus?

Back 25

Putamen

Front 26

What are the two types of nuerons found within the Striatum?

Back 26

Spiny Striatal and Aspiny Striatal

Front 27

These neurons (spiny or aspiny) receive all striatal afferents and provide output to regions outside the straitum?

Back 27

Spiny

Front 28

Which nuerons act as interneurons in the Basal Ganglia (spiny or aspiny) due to their short axons?

Back 28

Aspiny

Front 29

What neurotransmitters are found in the spiny neurons?

Back 29

Gaba-Substance P and Gaba-Enkephalin

Front 30

Which is the most importan neurotransmitter functionally, that is found in the aspiny neurons?

Back 30

Acetylcholine

Front 31

What are the five afferent sources on the striatum of the basal ganglia?

Back 31

cerebral cortex, thalamus (CM-Pf) , Substantia Nigra pars compacta, Amygdala, Dorsal Nucleus of Raphe

Front 32

What neurotransmitter is used for afferents coming from the dorsal nucleus of raphe on the basal ganglia?

Back 32

Serotonin

Front 33

What neurotransmitter is used for afferents coming from the cerebral cortex on the basal ganglia?

Back 33

Glutamate

Front 34

Which afferent source uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter upon the basal ganglia?

Back 34

Substantia Nigra, Pars Compacta

Front 35

The direct pathway from the striatum uses what neurotransmitter?

Back 35

GABA/Substance P

Front 36

The indirect pathway of the basal ganglia uses what neurotransmitter

Back 36

GABA/Enkephalin

Front 37

MPS and LPS are (diencephalic or telencephalic derivatives)?

Back 37

Diencephalic

Front 38

Caudate and Putamen are (diencephalic or telencephalic) derivatives?

Back 38

Telencephalic

Front 39

What are the two main sources of afferent connecitons to the MPS and LPS?

Back 39

Striatum and Subthalamic Nucleus (STN)

Front 40

What neurotransmitter is used by the subthalamic nucleus on the LPS and MPS?

Back 40

glutamate

Front 41

Efferents from the outer part of the MPS follow what pathway to the thalamic fasciculus?

Back 41

Ansa lenticularis > prerubral field > thalamic Fasciculus

Front 42

Efferents from the inner part of the MPS follow what path to the thalamic fasciculus?

Back 42

Lenticular fasciculus > prerubral field > thalamic Fasciculus

Front 43

Efferents from the MPS and LPS use what neurontransmitter (s) (glutamate, GABA, GABA-substance P, GABA/enkephalin)

Back 43

GABA

Front 44

What are the targets (thalamic nuclei) of efferents from the MPS?

Back 44

VA, Vla, CM

Front 45

Efferent sources from the LPS follow what tract to the Subthalamic Nucleus?

Back 45

Subthalamic Fasciculus

Front 46

What three fiber groups form the thalamic fasciculus?

Back 46

cerebello-thalamic fibers, lenticular fasciculus, ansa lenticularis

Front 47

Glutamate released by the cerebral cortex (excites or inhibits) the spiny neurons of the striatum?

Back 47

Excites

Front 48

Striatal Spiny projections to the MPS and SNr are (excitatory or inhibitory)?

Back 48

Inhibitory (GABA -SubP)

Front 49

Efferent projections from MPS and SNr to the VA and Vla thalamic nuclei are (excitatory or inhibitory)?

Back 49

Inhibitory (GABA)

Front 50

What is the term for inhibition of an inhibitory signal?

Back 50

disinhibition

Front 51

In the direct basal ganglia pathway, the supplementary cortex is activated or inhibited?

Back 51

Activated

Front 52

GABA-Enkephalin projection to the LPS from the striatum is excitatory or inhibitory?

Back 52

inhibitory

Front 53

In the indirect pathway, the subthalamic nucleus is (activated or inhibited) and what neurotransmitter is released or not released?

Back 53

Activated, Glutamate is released upon the MPS and SNr

Front 54

From which neurons is dopamine release from?

Back 54

Axon terminals of the SN pars compacta which synapse on the spiny neurons in the striatum

Front 55

What are the two type of dopamine receptors on Spiny striatal neurons?

Back 55

D1 and D2

Front 56

Where are D1 receptors found (GABA-Sp neurons or GABA-Enk neurons)?

Back 56

GABA Sub-P

Front 57

Where are D2 receptors found (GABA-Sp neurons or GABA-Enk neurons)?

Back 57

GABA-Enk neurons

Front 58

Interaction of dopamine on the D2 receptors pushes which pathway (direct or indirect)?

Back 58

Indirect

Front 59

Which dopamine receptor, when activated by dopamine, will activate the supplementary motor complex?

Back 59

D1

Front 60

What is the activity of Dopamine upon the Ach aspiny neurons?

Back 60

inhibitory

Front 61

Actin of Dopamine upon the aspiny neurons has a greater affect on which pathway (direct and indirect) and what does it do to this pathway?

Back 61

Indirect pathway (GABA-enk) and it suppresses this pathway

Front 62

Under normal conditions, release of dopamine favors which pathway (direct or indirect)?

Back 62

DIRECT (indirect is inhibited by the aspiny interaction with dopamine)

Front 63

What are the two types of clinical signs for motor disorders?

Back 63

negative symptoms (motor defecits) and positive symptoms (dyskinesia and abnormal involuntary movements)

Front 64

In basal ganglia disorders, both positive and negative symptoms are present, but which play a major role?

Back 64

Positive symptoms

Front 65

What are the 4 types of dyskinesia?

Back 65

Resting tremor, chorea, athetosis, ballism

Front 66

Dance-like graceful movements which are never combined in a coordinated act are considered this type of dyskinesia (resting tremor, chorea, athetosis, ballism)?

Back 66

Chorea

Front 67

Slow vermicular (worm-like) movements flowing into each other are this type of dyskinesia (resting tremor, chorea, athetosis, ballism)?

Back 67

Athetosis

Front 68

Patients with forceful flinging movements chiefly in the proximal extremities are displaying this type of dyskinesia (resting tremor, chorea, athetosis, ballism)?

Back 68

Ballism

Front 69

Alternate contraction of flexors/extensors is a form of this type of dyskinesia (resting tremor, chorea, athetosis, ballism)?

Back 69

Resting tremor

Front 70

In contrast to spasticity, rigidity and cogwheel affects (flexors, extensors, both, neither).

Back 70

Both

Front 71

Which of these two disorders (spasticity or rigidity) tends to melt away upon resistance?

Back 71

Spasticity

Front 72

This type of hypertonia is characterized by sustained contractions that are typically twisting in nature and increase with action?

Back 72

Dystonia

Front 73

This is seen in Huntington's disease (hypertonia, hypotonia, both, neither)

Back 73

Hypotonia

Front 74

Difficult in the initiation of movement is particulary associated with (Huntingtons, Ballism, Parkinson, Hemiballism)?

Back 74

Parkinsons

Front 75

Which model (hyperkinetic or hypokinetic) results from the loss of dopamine neurons and a preference in the indirect pathway?

Back 75

Hypokinetic Model

Front 76

In the hypokinetic model, output from the MPS and SNr is (increased or reduced)?

Back 76

Increased (leads to inhibition)

Front 77

Destruction of subthalamic nucleus is found in this disease (huntingtons, ballism, hemiballism , parkinsons)?

Back 77

Hemiballism

Front 78

Loss of GABA-ENK neurons is found in this disease (ballism, huntingtons, hemiballism, parkinsons)?

Back 78

Huntingtons

Front 79

Inhibitory output from MPS and SNr in the hyperkinetic model of disease is Increased or decreased?

Back 79

Decreased

Front 80

This toxic contaminant was produced by improper synthesis of a heroin-like compund?

Back 80

MPTP

Front 81

Upon intravenous injection of MPTP the patient may have what kind of symptoms?

Back 81

rigidity, akinesia, tremor, bent posture

Front 82

MPTP is converted to MPP by what enzyme?

Back 82

monoamine oxidase

Front 83

Conversion of MPTP to MPP is inhibited by what?

Back 83

monoamine oxidase inhibitor (L-deprenyl)