Neuro- Basal Ganglia

Front 1

which two areas control the motor cortex output?

Back 1

1. basal ganglia
2. cerebellum

refine raw motor output

Front 2

what are the BG and cerebellum associated with?

Back 2

1. initating
2. terminating movement
3. muslce tone
(4)generally refining

Front 3

what are the BG mainly known for? contains?

Back 3

motor connections
streams of info going to the motor and limbic systems

Front 4

which NT do the BG use?

Back 4

1. GABA- inhib
2. Ach
3. Peptides: enkaphalins, SubP, Dynorphin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y

Front 5

Lenticular Nucleus



Striatum

Back 5

lateral to IC
putamen+GP
lenticulstriate vessels

caudate+putamen

Front 6

order of capsules

Back 6

IC->Ext Capsule->Claustrum->extreme

Front 7

what is GP anatomic location?

Back 7

lateral to IC and medial to striatum

Front 8

embryological demarcations for GP/Striatum

Back 8

line lat to GP=end of brainstem
GP is from diencephalon
Striatum grows down from cortex

Front 9

how do you definitely know youre in a rostral coronal slice?

Back 9

there is no thalmus
see the ant commissure(connects 2 temporal lobes)

Front 10

Nucleus Accumbens Septi

Back 10

in ant part of brain
connection of caudate and putamen

addiction behavior

Front 11

anatomical funnel

Back 11

striatum and GPi/GPe
mainly inhibitory output, GABA

Front 12

Corpus Striatum
BASAL GANGLIA

Back 12

caudate+putamen+GP
caudate/putamen/GP + Amygdala Subthalmic nucleus + SN

Front 13

Putamen in general is more motor
it receives input from...

Back 13

motor and somatosensory cortex

*Motor fxn of BG

Front 14

Putamen projects via what and to what?

Back 14

via GP and Thalmus
1. M1
2. pre-motor
3. supplementary M2

Front 15

The Caude is more what?

receives what?

Back 15

More Limbic/Cognitive

receives mainly motor association cortex

Front 16

what is almost gone in HD patients?

Back 16

the caudate
motor and behavioral disease

Front 17

input nuc

processing nuc

output nuc

Back 17

caudate, putamen, nuc accumbens

GPe, Subthal nuc, vent teg area

GPi, SNpr, ventral pallidum

Front 18

Input Nuclei

NT used in input

Back 18

Caudate and Putamen
receive info from cortex
ALL Glutaminergic

Front 19

Main NT of output in BG

Wild-card modulating NT

Back 19

GABA

Dopamine- from SN

Front 20

Substantia Nigra
Pars Compacta

Pars Reticulata

Back 20

magnocellular, rel dopamine to striatum
smaller cells- lumped in w/ GPi

Front 21

what is the main output of the BG?

Back 21

GPi (SNpr lumped in w/ it)

go from GPi->VA/VL of thal-> to PreMC and SMA

Front 22

what are the two pathways out of GPi?

Back 22

1. Ansa Lenticularis (Vent Gpi)
2. Lenticular Fasiculus (Dorsal Gpi)

ALV LFD

Front 23

What are the two major pathways with in the BG?

Back 23

1. Direct Path- initiates movement
2. Indirect Path- suppresses mvmt

Front 24

Direct Pathway

primarily Glu-initiates mvmt

Back 24

1. Glu input from cortex to striatum
2. Straitum gives GABA input to GPi, directly
3. Gpi sends GABA via ALV or LFD to thalmus
4. THalmus is excitatory back to cortex

Front 25

Indirect Pathway

primarily GABA- inhibits mvmt

Back 25

1. cortex Glu to striatum
2. Striatum GABA tp GPe
3. GPe GABA to STN
4. STN Glu to GPi
5. rest follows direct

Front 26

how do the direct and indirect pathways work together?

Back 26

they work together to influence GPi, which is the main output

GPi recieves excitatory(Glu) input from STN, and inhib input from Striatum

Front 27

Wildcard SN modulation

where are the D receptors?

Back 27

Dopamine- Neither inhib or excit- receptor determines it

medium spiny (GABA) neurons found in the striatum have D rec
D1 and D2

Front 28

D1 rec

D2 rec

Back 28

excitory- inc cAMP

inhibitory- blocks cAMP

Front 29

Striatum Cells both GABA

S1

Back 29

S1 rel GABA to GPi, to the thal, back to the cortex= DIRECT PATH

primarily have medium spiny neurons w/ D1 rec on them

Front 30

S2

Back 30

indirect pathways
primarily D2 inhibitory
so when Dopamine hits the D2 rec, there is less GABA putout.

Front 31

what does the direct pathway give the GPi/SNpr?

indirect?

Back 31

direct-->GABA to GPi/SNpr

indirect-->Glu to GPi/SNpr

Front 32

Chorea

Back 32

dancing, continous rapid movements
assoc w/ HD

Front 33

Athetosis

Back 33

slow writhing movements
lesion of the GP or its projectsions

Chorea+Athetosis=choreoathetosis

Front 34

Dyskinesia

what PD drug induces it?

Back 34

abnormal movements

Levodopa induces dyskinesia

Front 35

Ballismus


Hemiballismus

Back 35

Flailing movements, NOT a seizure
stroke in STN
lesion in STN or its projectsion

Front 36

Parkinson's Disease

Huntington's Disease

Back 36

degen of SNpc (no Dopamine)
hypokinetic mvmt disorder
lesion to Striatum, or projections. CAG repeat, w/ anticipation

Front 37

what happens in the BG to cause hemiballismus?

Back 37

lose the Glu input that usually stim GABA.

overall, less GABA and more Thalamic input to Cortex
hyperkinetic mvmt disorder

Front 38

Parkinson's effects
Direct Pathways

Indirect

Back 38

degen of SNpc
shows less GABA output

take away inhib input, there is more GABA output
glu coming out of STN is more than it should be, therefore put out too much GABA to thal

Front 39

Substantia Nigra

Back 39

two black streaks in mid brain

due to neuromelanin

projects to Striatum

Front 40

Direct pathway effects in PD

Indirect path effects in PD

Back 40

less DA, less GABA output
take brake off of GPi
*same result as direct
not enough of an inhib on STN, you then get too much Glu to Gpi
put the foot on gas for Gpi, which is in hib
*Get HYPOkinetic mvmt disorder

Front 41

Pigmented Structrues that degen in PD

what is this infering?

Back 41

1. SNpc
2. Locus Ceruleus

PD is an overall MONOAMINERGIC disease

Front 42

PD problems

Back 42

motor, sleep, mood
Ach Interneurons
serotonin input to striatum
LC projects to SN
ALL of these areas are affected

Front 43

Spasticity

Rigidity

Back 43

1. velocity dependent, UMN disease- see w/ stroke, damaged retiulospinal tr

2. Rigidity is velocity independent. BG disease

Front 44

muscle tone is set by what?

Back 44

Muscle spindle- unique end organ that is part muscle and part nervous system

Front 45

Muscle Spindle

Back 45

talks to gamma motor neuron in SC
gamma MN set stretch sensitivity
-controlled by Reticulospinal tract

Front 46

what does the reticulospinal tract normally do?

in sroke?

Back 46

inhibits the gamma motor neurons of SC, ms

in stroke, the gamma mn are disinhibited and fire too much and are now inc sensitivity to stretch-->hyperreflexes

Front 47

internal capsule is confluent with what?

Back 47

cerebral peduncle

Front 48

2 ways to get from BG to VA/VL

Back 48

1. thru IC: Fields of Forel
2. under IC: Ansa Lenticularis

Front 49

Fields of Forel

Back 49

go from Gpi/SNpr to H2, to H1, to H, to VA/VL

H2- Lenticular fasiculus
H1- Thalamic fasiculus

Front 50

what do the fields of Forel have to loop around?

Back 50

Zona Inserta

Front 51

Ansa Lenticularis

Back 51

sneaks under IC
very ant portion of thalmus
ventral?

Front 52

what is H(0) in the Fields of FOrel

Back 52

where the H1 of the Fields of Forel and Ansa Lenticularis meet before they enter VA/VL

Front 53

1. Tremor on opp side of body, DBS
2. Gpi DBS

3. STN DBS

Back 53

1. Ventral Intermedial Nuc
essential hereditary tremor
2. dystonia twist, pallidotoomy for PD patients
3. stimulated for PD, bilaterally