Neuro Fns Lect #28

Front 1

What are the four subdivisions of the diencephalon?

Back 1

dorsal thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

Front 2

This subdivision of the deiencephalon is a primary regulator and coordinator of autonomic, behavioral, and endocrine responses?

Back 2

Hypothalamus

Front 3

The anterior boundary to the hypothalamus is the (3rd ventricle, lamina terminalis, pituitary gland, subthalamus) ?

Back 3

lamina terminalis

Front 4

The posterior boundary of the hypothalamus is formed by these?

Back 4

Mammillary bodies

Front 5

The 3rd ventricle is which boundary to the hypothalamus (anterior, lateral, medial, posterior)

Back 5

Medial

Front 6

The lateral boundary of the hypothalamus is formed by this subdivision of the diencephalon?

Back 6

subthalamus

Front 7

What demarcates the hypothalamus dorsally?

Back 7

hypothalamic sulcus

Front 8

What represents the ventral boundary to the hypothalamus?

Back 8

pituitary gland

Front 9

The lamina terminalis and subfornical organ are what kinds of organs located just rostral to the hypothalamus. They are technically not part of the hypothalamus.

Back 9

CVO (circumventricular organs)

Front 10

Do the circumventricular organs have a blood-brain barrier?

Back 10

No

Front 11

What kinds of roles do the circumventricular organs play lying near the hypothalamus?

Back 11

state of peripheral blood, fluid balance, drinking behavior, vasopressin release

Front 12

This area is located along the most rostral exent of the third ventricle but not part of the hypothalamus, technically?

Back 12

Preoptic area (POA)

Front 13

The preoptic area( POA) is involved in what kinds of processes?

Back 13

Sexual Pleasures (development, reproduction, arousal, gonadotropic release)

Front 14

This nucleus is located within the POA and releases hormones differentially between males and females?

Back 14

Sexually dimorphic nucleus

Front 15

Neurons within these nuclei located within the supraoptic region produce oxytocin and vasopressin?

Back 15

Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei

Front 16

Paraventriculae and supraoptic nuclei send their axons where?

Back 16

Posterior lobe of the pituitary

Front 17

This nucleus is located within the supraoptic region and recieves projections from the retina AND functions in circadian rhythms?

Back 17

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Front 18

This region of the hypothalamus extends from the infundibulum to the mammillary region?

Back 18

Tuberal region

Front 19

The functions of this nucleus located within the tuberal region is feeding and body weight regulation?

Back 19

Dorsomedial Nucleus

Front 20

The function of this nucleus in the tuberal region is sexual behavior and feeding?

Back 20

Ventromedial nucleus

Front 21

The functions of this nucleus located within the tuberal region are neuroendocrine responses related to it's synthesis and secretion of releasing/inhibiting factors?

Back 21

Arcuate Nucleus

Front 22

What are the three nuclei found within the tuberal region of the hypothalamus?

Back 22

Dorsomedial Nucleus, Ventromedial Nucleus, Arcuate Nucleus

Front 23

Neurons within this structure, which lies dorsal to the mammillary bodies within the mammillary region, projects to the spinal cord, regulating autonomic responses?

Back 23

Posterior Hypothalamus

Front 24

These structures located within the mammillary region function in short term memory?

Back 24

Mammillary bodies

Front 25

This area of the hypothalamus can be found lateral to the fornix and MMT and is related to many autonomic aspects of survival?

Back 25

LHA

Front 26

This tract innervates the suprachiasmatic nucleus. It also comes from the retina and optic tract?

Back 26

Retinohypothalamic tract

Front 27

Pre-commissural fibers from the fornix decend (anterior or posterior) to the anterior commissure, and end in the (mammillary or septal region)?

Back 27

anterior, septal

Front 28

Post-commissural fibers from the fornix decend (anterior or posterior) to the anterior commissure, and end in the (mammillary or septal region)?

Back 28

posterior, mammillary

Front 29

This pathway originates in the amygala and ends in the hypothalamus?

Back 29

stria terminalis

Front 30

This pathway originates in the pyriform cortex AND amygdala, and terminates in the hypothalamus?

Back 30

Ventral Amygalofugal Pathway

Front 31

Where is the pyriform cortex found?

Back 31

rostral temporal cortex of the parahippocampal gyrus

Front 32

What are the two reciprocal pathways of the hypothalamus?

Back 32

Medial forebrain bundle AND Dorsal Longitudinal Fasciculus

Front 33

This reciprocal pathway is an "expressway" traveling through the lateral hypothalamic area and connecting the hypothalamus with the septal region, reticular formation and autonomic nervous system centers of brain stem?

Back 33

Medial Forebrain Bundle

Front 34

The dorsal longitudinal fasiculus course near the midline of the neuraxis and connects the hypothalamus to what?

Back 34

autonomic nervous system centers

Front 35

This efferent pathway from the hypothalamus arises from the mammillary bodies and projects to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

Back 35

Mammillothalamic Tract

Front 36

This tract originates from neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and ends in the posterior lobe of the pituitary?

Back 36

Hypothalamo-Neurohypophysial Tract

Front 37

This efferent pathway is formed by neurons within the arcuate nucleus and some medial hypothalamic areas and ends in the hypophysial portal system?

Back 37

Tuberohypophysial Tract

Front 38

What is the function of the retino-hypothalamic tract?

Back 38

Circadian rhythm

Front 39

What is the function of the precommissural fornix?

Back 39

Learning and Memory

Front 40

What is the function of the post-commissural fornix?

Back 40

memory

Front 41

What role does the stria terminalis play?

Back 41

emotion (flight or fight behaviors and autonomic responses)

Front 42

What function does the ventral amygdalofugal pathway play?

Back 42

Emotion (from both amygdala and pyriform cortex)

Front 43

The medial forebrain bundle functions in what way?

Back 43

emotion (septal nuclei); Arousal (reticular formaiton); Autonomic NS (spinal cord)

Front 44

The Dorsal Longitudinal Fasiculus does what?

Back 44

Autonomic NS

Front 45

MMT of the hypothalamus functions in ?

Back 45

Memory

Front 46

Hypothalmo-neurohypophysial tract functions in ?

Back 46

Antidiuresis and Partruition

Front 47

Tubero-hypophysial Tract functions in ?

Back 47

Numerous Endocrine functions

Front 48

Fibers of the tuberohypophysial tract terminate where?

Back 48

primary capillary plexuses located in th median eminence and infundibular stem

Front 49

These are locate din the median eminence and infundibular stem and take up the releaseing and inhibitory factors from the tuberohypophysial tract?

Back 49

Primary Capillary Plexuses "sinusoids"

Front 50

These are located within the anterio lobe of the pituitary and transport factors from the primary capillary plexus to the anterior lobe of the pituitary?

Back 50

Secondary Capillary Plexus

Front 51

What is the pathway of the hypophysial portal system starting with the arcuate nucleus and ending with the general circulation in the body?

Back 51

Arcuate nucleus > Primary capillary plexus (in median eminence and infundibular stem) > portal veins > secondary plexus (in anterior lobe) > Anterior Lobe > General Circulation

Front 52

This autonomic function is located in the anterior and medial regions of the hypothalamus?

Back 52

Parasympathetic

Front 53

This autonomic function is localized in the lateral and posterior regions of the hypothalamus?

Back 53

Sympathetic

Front 54

Input for emotional behavior to the hypothalamus comes from what two structures?

Back 54

Cerebral cortex and limbic system

Front 55

Lesions that disrupt cortical control of emotion, or affect certain nuclei of the hypothalamus can cause what?

Back 55

Sham Rage Reactions

Front 56

Stress response pathway recieves inputs from what?

Back 56

cerebral cortex and limbic (external danger); CVO and Brainstem cell groups (internal danger)

Front 57

Hypothalamic output in the stress response pathways originated in these neurons located in the paraventricular nucleus?

Back 57

CRF (corticotropin-releasing factor neurons)

Front 58

CRF neurons terminate where?

Back 58

primary portal capillary plexus

Front 59

CRF activate and release what from the pituitary cells?

Back 59

ACTH

Front 60

What does ACTH cause adrenal cortical cells to produce and release?

Back 60

glucocorticoids

Front 61

What are some effects of glucocorticoids?

Back 61

liver gluconeogenesis; reduction of inflammation and immune responsivity; termination of stress response by feedback inhibition

Front 62

These nerons synthesize vasopressin, and damage of these neurons can lead to diabetes insipidus?

Back 62

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

Front 63

What are some symptoms of diabetes insipidus?

Back 63

increase in output of urine, increase need for intake of fluids

Front 64

Some head injury patients present with this disease, as a result from damage of neuron firing and release of vasopressin?

Back 64

diabetes insipidus

Front 65

The release of this hormone during hemorrhagic shock is a bodies defense mechanism and attempt in raising blood pressure?

Back 65

Vasopressin (powerful vasoconstrictor)

Front 66

These nuclei secrete a hormone responsible for partruition and the milk letdown reflex?

Back 66

Supraoptic and paraventricular (oxytocin)

Front 67

What roles may oxytocin perform?

Back 67

partruition, milk letdown reflex, maternal behaviors, trust and affliative behaviors

Front 68

Korsakoff's syndrome is associated with the degeneration of which structures?

Back 68

mammillary bodies; dorsal medial thalamic nucleus; and other structures of the limbic system

Front 69

What kind of vitamin deficiency is related to Korsakoffs?

Back 69

thiamine

Front 70

What are some clinical signs of korsakoff's syndrome?

Back 70

antergorade amnesia; compensatory confabulation; hallucinations