Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What is habituation? |
Decreased response to repeated, benign stimulus. |
|
|
|
What are the two types of neuronal death? |
Apoptosis Necrosis |
|
|
|
What is apoptosis? |
Active cell death |
|
|
|
What is necrosis? |
Passive cell death |
|
|
|
What are the effects of neural damage (necrosis)? |
Anterograde degeneration Retrograde degeneration Transneuronal degeneration |
|
|
|
What is anterograde degeneration? |
Neural damage involving distal segment of axon Recovery is possible (AKA wallerian degeneration) |
|
|
|
What is retrograde degeneration? |
Proximal segment of axon degenerates Death of a cell Necrosis |
|
|
|
What is transneuronal degeneration? (cascading effect) |
Neuron across from injured neuronal will die as well |
|
|
|
Can true point-to-point regeneration occur in the CNS? |
No |
|
|
|
Can true, point-to-point regeneration occur in the PNS? |
Yes |
|
|
|
What is a TBI? |
Traumatic brain injury |
|
|
|
What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for? |
Cognitive behavior Social behavior Emotion Personality |
|
|
|
Traumatic brain injury. Closed head injury example. |
Concussion (mild brain injury) |
|
|
|
Lobes and parts of the brain and their function. (8) |
Frontal: motor, judgement, emotion, behavior Parietal: sensation, perception, vision Occipital: visual processing Temporal: auditory, memory Limbic: emotion Basal ganglia: learning, eye movement, cognition Hypothalamus: hormone release/balance, homeostasis Brainstem: automation, breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, awake or sleepy |
|
|
|
Thrombosis |
large blockage |
|
|
|
Transient ischemic attack |
Temporary blood vessel constriction |
|
|
|
Behavioral disruption following right hemisphere stroke. |
Hemispatial neglect |
|
|
|
Other causes of brain damage. (5) |
Tumors Toxins Anoxia Disease Seizure |
|
|
|
TBI: Open head injury Coupe and Contra coupe examples |
Coupe: Smashed frontal lobe Contra coupe: Shear force and brain slushing around |
|
|
|
What distinguishes homo sapiens from other mammals? |
The prefrontal cortex |
|
|
|
TBI: Closed head injury example |
Concussion (mild brain injury) |
|
|
|
How is moderate to severe brain injury classified? |
Depending on the degree of post traumatic amnesia |
|
|
|
Shearing and tearing of axons. |
Diffuse axonal injury |
|
|
|
What type of damage will cause widespread tissue loss? |
Diffuse damage |
|
|
|
What type of damage can affect specific behaviors and impact related behaviors? |
Focal damage |
|
|
|
Frontal lobe functions: (5) |
Motor Memory Judgement Impulse control Behavior skills |
M M J I B |
|
|
Parietal lobe function: |
Sensation Perception Vision |
|
|
|
Occipital lobe function: |
Vision |
|
|
|
Temporal lobe functions: (2) |
Hearing Memory |
|
|
|
Limbic system function: |
Emotion |
|
|
|
Basal ganglia function: |
Cognition Habit learning Emotion Procedural learning Eye movement Motor |
C HL E PL EM M |
|
|
Hypothalamus function: (2) |
Regulation Hormone release |
|
|
|
Brainstem function: (4) |
Breathing Swallowing Heart rate Blood pressure |
|
|
|
Cerebrovascular injury/accident is more commonly known as: |
Stroke |
|
|
|
In what two ways can a stroke respond to ischemia? |
Directly Indirectly |
|
|
|
What causes a stroke to occur directly? (3) |
Thrombosis Hemorrhage TIA |
|
|
|
What causes a stroke to occur indirectly? |
Excitotoxicity |
|
|
|
What causes brain damage because of a stroke? |
The amount of cell death by glutamate in a leasion cavity |
|
|
|
What are four possible drug treatments for stroke? |
Block glutamate receptors Dissolve blood clot Inhibit sodium channels Block calcium channels |
|
|
|
What is a medical treatment for stoke? |
Medically iInduced coma |
|
|
|
What does a medically induced coma help? |
Calm the excitatory response to prevent further damage |
|
|
|
Why aren't strokes alike? |
Unknown amount of cells that are going to die |
|
|
|
What is a chronic stroke? |
Stroke that happened 6 months ago |
|
|
|
How long to wait after a stroke before physical therapy? |
72 hours |
|
|
|
What is the key to improved stroke recovery? |
Early rehab |
|
|
|
What artery are most strokes located? |
Middle cerebral artery |
|
|
|
What is collateral sprouting? |
Presynaptic neuron is re-innervated by axons of nearby neurons Side shoot off of axon 1 neuron branching off and going to 2 |
|
|
|
What is regenerative sprouting? |
Axon and target cell are damaged and the axon sends side sprouts to new target cell 2 meets 1 |
|
|
|
Why is there regeneration in the PNS? |
Nerve growth factor (NGF) |
|
|
|
Why is there not regeneration in the CNS? |
No NGF Glial scars |
|
|
|
What produces the growth inhibiting factor neurite outgrowth inhibitor (Nogo)? |
Glial scars Oligodendrocytes |
|
|
|
What is synkinesis? |
When peripheral axon sprouting innervates the wrong muscle resulting in unintended movements |
|
|
|
This occurs when only some branches of a presynaptic axon are destroyed and the buttons make more neurotransmitter vesicles and compensates so the downstream neuron isn't affected anymore. |
Synaptic hypereffectiveness |
|
|
|
This occurs when presynaptic axon terminals are destroyed and new receptor sites develop on the postsynaptic membrane in response to the reduction in neurotransmitter released. |
Denervation hypersensitivity |
|
|
|
What areas routinely adjust to changes in sensory input and develop new function dependent on required motor output? |
Cortical areas |
|
|
|
What allows for recovery from nervous system injury? |
Plasticity |
|
|
|
What is crucial for optimizing motor recovery? |
Active movement |
|
|
|
What are the likely mechanisms driving functional recovery following stroke? (2) |
Cortical plasticity Reorganization |
|
|
|
If you understand the functional reorganization of the brain in a healthy person, you would therefore be able to understand: |
Functional changes following brain damage |
|
|
|
If you understand functional changes following brain damage, you would therefore be able to understand: |
Impairments and functional limitations associated with neurological disorders |
|
|
|
What kind of stimulus must be done for the nervous system allowing recovery due to neuroplasticity? |
Repetition |
|
|
|
How can therapists optimize recovery and elicit beneficial adaptive neuroplasticity? (3) |
Early therapy Avoid over use of impaired extremities in the beginning Practice specific tasks |
|
|
|
Summarize excitotoxicity. |
Blockage of O2 and glucose Neuron switches from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism to produce ATP Not enough ATP being produced Excessive glutamate is released Sodium potassium pumps fail Build up of sodium in cell Attracts water into cell causing cytotoxic edema Sodium calcium pumps fail Build up of calcium in cell Glycolysis causes lactic acid build up Lactic acid messes with pH and causes acidosis Acidosis causes cell membrane breakdown Digestive enzyme protease released causing cellular protein breakdown Protein enzyme arachidonic acid released causing inflammation and oxygen free radicals Free radicals cause mitochondria to fail Oxidative stress causes nitric oxide production which further causes cell damage |
|
