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92 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Cranial Nerve I |
Olfactory Sense of smell |
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Cranial Nerve II |
Optic Vision |
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Cranial Nerve III |
Oculomotor Eye movements |
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Cranial Nerve IV |
Trochlear Superior oblique muscle of eye |
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Cranial Nerve V |
Trigeminal Face sense and motor function (biting and chewing) |
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Cranial Nerve VI |
Abducens Lateral rectus muscle Outward gaze |
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Cranial Nerve VII |
Facial Facial muscle control and taste of anterior tongue |
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Cranial Nerve VIII |
Vestibularcochlear Sound and balance |
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Cranial Nerve IX |
Glossopharyngeal Afferent sensory and efferent motor information |
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Cranial Nerve X |
Vagus Parasympathetic control of heart, lungs, and digestive tract |
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Cranial Nerve XI |
Accessory Trapezius and SCM |
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Cranial Nerve XII |
Hypoglossal Tongue motor function |
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What is a unipolar neuron? Where can it be found? |
Cell body One appendage Spinal and cranial nerve ganglia |
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What is a bipolar neuron? Where can it be found? |
Cell body Two appendages One axon One dendrite Rare. Nose, eye, ear |
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What is a multipolar neuron? Where can it be found? |
Cell body One axon Many dendrites Most common. CNS, autonomic ganglia |
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What is a multipolar interneuron? |
Very small body Small axon or none at all |
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Parts of a neuron. (11) |
Soma: Contains nucleus Nucleus: Contains dna Dendrites: Cell body Receptors: Receive info Axon: Send info Axon hillock: Junction between body and axon Synaptic cleft: Gap between neuron synapses Terminal (button) Neurotransmitter Myelin sheath: Axon insulation Nodes of ranvier: Spaces between myelinating cells on axon |
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Myelin sheath is comprised of...(2) |
In the CNS - Oligodendrocytes In the PNS - Schwann cells |
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What are the two types of glial cells? |
Macroglial Microglial |
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The chemicals that occupy the cellular spaces when the neuron is at rest. (4) |
Cl- = Chloride Na+ = Sodium A- = Anion K+ = Potassium |
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Which chemicals are more outside or inside a neuron? |
Chloride: More outside Sodium: More outside Anion: More inside Potassium: More inside |
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What are the four states of neuronal electrical charge (potentials)? |
Resting membrane potential Excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) Action potential (AP) |
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Describe resting membrane potential. |
-70 mV (transient state, constantly affected by forces that increase or decrease charge) |
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Describe excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP). (3) |
Charge across the membrane becomes less negative Neuron depolarizes Leads to action potential |
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Describe inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP). (3) |
Charge across the membrane becomes more negative Neurons hyperpolarized Reduces action potential likelihood |
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Describe an action potential (AP). |
Charge across the membrane becomes less negative Neurons depolarize Charge for AP begins at Axon Hillock |
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Composed of the nerves that branch off the brain and spine and allows body to communicate with each other in two divisions. |
Peripheral nervous system |
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Afferent part of the PNS picks up sensory stimuli and carries it towards CNS is known as the: |
Sensory division |
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Efferent part of the PNS sends directions from your brain to muscles and glands is known as the: |
Motor division |
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What does the somatic nervous system do? |
Voluntary, skeletal muscle contractions |
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What does the autonomic nervous system do? |
Involuntary muscle contractions Heart Lungs Stomach |
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The autonomic nervous system is divided into: |
Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division |
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What is the sympathetic division of the PNS responsible for? |
Fight or flight Increase BP Increase vitals |
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What is the parasympathetic division of the PNS responsible for? |
Relaxation |
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The CNS consists of these five parts. |
Cerebrum (sensory and motor info) Brainstem (coordinates movement) Cerebellum Spinal region Spinal cord level |
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What circuits does the spinal cord level contain? (4) |
Walking Withdrawal Support against gravity Reflex control of organ function |
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The nervous system is composed of these three smaller systems. |
Somatosensory system (skin and muscles to brain) Somatic motor system (brain to muscles) Autonomic system (to and from brain and smooth muscles) |
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The somatosensory system conveys information to and from what? |
From skin and muscles To brain |
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The somatic motor system conveys information to and from what? |
From brain to muscles |
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The autonomic system conveys information to and from what? |
To and from brain and smooth muscles |
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The nervous system is generally organized into these three divisions. |
Sensory division Integrative division Motor division |
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Sensory division examples. (4) |
Tactile Visual Auditory Olfactory |
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Integrative division examples. (2) |
Process information Memory creation |
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Motor division example. |
Respond to and move about in environment |
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Motor control is comprised of these three things. |
Task Individual Environment |
T I E |
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Ability to plan, execute, learn from executions, and revise if need be is known as: |
Motor control |
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What should an exam include? (8) |
Vitals Mentation Cranial nerves Motor control/MMT Coordination Gait Reflexes Somatosensory |
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Non-neuronal cells that support neurons. |
Glial cells |
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What do glial cells do? (4) |
Transport nutrients Provides support (astrocyte) Metabolize neurotransmitters Aid in healing |
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What is the blood brain barrier? |
Barrier that isolates blood from the brain |
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What are four types of glial cells in the CNS? |
Astrocytes Microglial Ependymal Oligodendrocytes |
A M E O |
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What do astrocytes do? |
Support and regulate ions Exchange material between neurons and capillaries Anchor neurons to blood supply (most abundant) |
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What do microglial cells do? |
Immune defense in brain and spinal cord |
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What do ependymal cells do? |
Create, secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid and cushions organs |
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What do oligodendrocytes do? |
Insulate neurons with myelin sheath |
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What are the patches of demyelination caused by the destruction of oligodendrocytes called? |
Plaques |
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What are the two types of glials cells in the PNS? |
Schwann cells Satellite cells |
S S |
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What do Schwann cells do? |
Insulate neurons with myelin sheath |
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What do satellite cells do? |
Surround and support neuron cell bodies (like astrocytes) |
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Large in size and make up a majority of glial cells. |
Macroglia |
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Macroglia are classified into four groups by size and function. What are they? |
Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells Ependymal cells |
A O S E |
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This cell is the basic functional unit of the CNS. |
Neuron
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What are the four types of neurons? |
Unipolar neurons Bipolar neurons Multi-polar neurons Multi-polar interneurons |
U B M M |
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What do multi-polar interneurons do? |
Receive signals from other neurons and carry out the function of the nervous system |
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Node depolarizes and generates action potentials down increasing rate of how info travels forming a faster current each time is called: |
Salutatory conduction |
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What is the function of the nucleus of a cell? |
Control center |
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What is the function of the golgi apparatus of a cell? |
Packages neurotransmitters |
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What is the function of the mitochondria of a cell? |
Makes ATP |
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What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum of a cell? |
Makes and transports protein |
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What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a cell? |
Release calcium Make and transport lipids |
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What is the function of ribosomes of a cell? |
Make protein |
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What are the two ways of allowing ions to flow across the membrane of a neuron?
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Voltage gated channels Chemically gated channels |
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What are the three types of electrical potentials in neurons that are essential for transmission of information? |
Resting membrane potential Local potential Action potential |
R L A |
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What is the voltage threshold for an action pontential to occur? |
-55 mV |
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What are the three forces that maintain the chemical balance? |
Concentration gradient Electrostatic pressure Sodium/Potassium pumps |
C E S |
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If you have more of something on one side than the other then you move from more to less concentration. |
Concentration gradient |
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Attraction towards opposite charges. |
Electrostatic pressure |
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What are the three major neurotransmitters? |
Serotonin Dopamine Norepinephrine |
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What does serotonin do? (5) |
Mainly inhibitory Mood Appetite Circadian rhythm Sleep |
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What does dopamine do? |
Emotion Attention Feeling of happiness |
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What does norepinephrine do? |
Triggers fight or flight Increase HR Primes muscles |
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An undersupply of which neurotransmitter can depress a mood. |
Norepinephrine |
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Neurons have these two main ways of communicating a message depending on how fast you need news to travel.
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Electrical synapse Chemical synapse |
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This type of synapse is less localized and good in the heart because one cell/synapse can trigger thousands of other cells. |
Electrical synapse |
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This type of synapse is most common and precise. |
Chemical synapse |
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Which synapse can convert a signal from chemical to electrical back to chemical again? |
Chemical synapse |
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Summarize synaptic communication. |
AP arrives at presynaptic terminal from sodium and potassium channels opening Membrane depolarizes and opens calcium voltage gates Calcium ions trigger vesicles to move Neurotransmitters diffuse across cleft and bind to receptors on postsynaptic neuron Ion channels open or intracellular messengers activate |
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Where can synaptic communication between neurons occur? i.e. Where can axons connect on other neurons? (3) |
Axosomatic: on cell body Axodendrite: on dendrite Axoaxonic: on axon |
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Summarize an action potential. |
Charge begins at axon hillock Rapid depolarization occurs Everything freezes making sure it's the only AP occuring Sodium conduction decreases Rapid repolarization because potassium channels open Hyperpolarization occurs Sodium/potassium pump works to restore balance in cell |
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Occurs later in the action potential. The membrane potential is returning toward its resting level and may even be hyperpolarized. Promotes forward movement of action potential and prevents backflow. |
Relative refractory period |
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During this period, the membrane is unresponsive to stimuli. Everything freezes making sure that there is only one action potential that is occuring. |
Absolute refractory period
(From depolarization to part of depolarization) |
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Defined by the characteristics of the ion channels. Divided into two distinct states: absolute and relative. |
Refractory period
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