Neuro Block Iii - V

Front 1

What is the anterior boundary of the hypothalamus?

Back 1

Anterior: Lamina terminalis

Front 2

What is the posterior boundary of the hypothalamus?

Back 2

Posterior: Vertical drawn at the level of the posterior perforated
Substance

Front 3

What is the superior boundary of the hypothalamus?

Back 3

superior: Hypothalamic sulcus separating it from the thalamus

Front 4

What are the structures which form the floor of the hypothalamus?

Back 4

Optic chiasma
Tuber cinereum
Infundibulum
Mamillary bodies
Posterior perforated substance

Front 5

What is the speciality of medial Preoptic nuclei?

Back 5

Releases GnRH

Front 6

What is the importance of lateral Preoptic nuclei?

Back 6

The lateral preoptic nucleus has neurons which release GABA and they help to induce sleep by inhibiting histaminergic neurons.

Front 7

What are the hormones released by the nuclei of Supraoptic region?

Back 7

Oxytocin and ADH

Front 8

Where the hypothalamihypophyseal Portal system does begin?

Back 8

Hypothalamus

Front 9

Where the hypothalamophypophyseal portal system terminates?

Back 9

Anterior Pituitary

Front 10

Where the releasing hormones enter the portal system?

Back 10

Fucking Hypothalamus

Front 11

What is the function of ventromedial nucleus and what happens if there is a lesion to it?

Back 11

It is the satiety center. Lesion results in Hyperphagia

Front 12

What is the function of the lateral nucleus and what happens if there is a lesion to it?

Back 12

It is the Feeding (Makes you eat) center. Lesion results in aphagia starvation.

Front 13

What happens if there is bilateral lesion to Supraoptic region?

Back 13

Diabetes Insipidus

Front 14

What is the only area which releases the histamine in the brain?

Back 14

histaminergic tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)

Front 15

What happens when there is a lesion of the ventromedial nucleus?

Back 15

Lesions of ventromedial nucleus results in hypothalamic hyperphagia

Front 16

Orexin is released from which nucleus of the hypothalamus?

Back 16

Lateral Hypothalamus

Front 17

Where is Ob receptors situated? What is the effect of leptin on hypothalamic hormones?

Back 17

Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus. Leptin stimulates the production of alpha MSH in the arcuate nucleus which in turn reduces the appetite and increases the ACTH and FSH
The decreased level of leptin stimulates the Neuropeptide Y in the arcuate nucleus and increases the appetite and decreases the secretion of ACTH and FSH

Front 18

What happens when the posterior part of the hypothalamus is cut? And when it is used clinically?

Back 18

Bilateral lesions of posterior hypothalamus usually cause poikilothermia, in which the body temperature varies with the environment. The posterior medial hypothalamus is referred to as the region responsible for the control of blood pressure and also aggressive emotional response. Therefore surgical lesions of posteromedial hypothalamus help control malignant blood pressure and rage and violent forms of behavior.

Front 19

What is circadian rhythm and which nucleus is responsible for this?

Back 19

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus is involved in the circadian rhythm and synchronizes the light-dark cycle

Front 20

What is poikilothermia and which part of thalamus is involved in this?

Back 20

poikilothermia, in which the body temperature varies with the environment. The posterior medial hypothalamus is referred to as the region responsible for the control of blood pressure and also aggressive emotional response

Front 21

Which neurotransmitter prevents the release of prolactin and where is it released?

Back 21

Prolactin secretion of the anterior pituitary is inhibited by the dopamine.
Bromocriptine the dopamine agonist is used in prolactin tumors (prolactinoma)

Front 22

What is the agonist of dopamine that is used in Prolactinoma?

Back 22

bromocryptine

Front 23

In which syndrome the Mamillary body is involved?

Back 23

Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome

Front 24

Which part of the hypothalamus is surgically cut in controlling violent behavior of psychiatric patient?

Back 24

Posterior

Front 25

What is the biochemical effect of increased level of leptin?

Back 25

Leptin up appetite down

Front 26

Which drug is used in narcolepsy?

Back 26

Orexins

Front 27

What is the effect of Orexin on histamine release?

Back 27

Orexin stimulates the secretion of histamine and in turn increase in the level of other neurotransmitters responsible for keeping awake

Front 28

Where is antirise center of temperature in the hypothalamus?

Back 28

Anterior Hypothalamus

Front 29

Where is antidrop center of temperature in the hypothalamus?

Back 29

Posterior Hypothalamus

Front 30

Name the nuclei which are magnocellular?

Back 30

They are in the M pathway in vision

Front 31

Name the neurotransmitter which is inhibitory in the hypophyseal portal system?

Back 31

Dopamine

Front 32

Which nucleus acts like switch of non-REM sleep? And what it its neurotransmitter?

Back 32

The GABAergic neurons of ventrolateral preoptic area are called the non-REM-on cells. GABA

Front 33

What palsy results when there is bilateral lesion to the genu of the internal capsule and what are its signs?

Back 33

Pseudobulbar palsy

Front 34

What happens when the posterior limb of internal capsule has a lesion?

Back 34

involvement of posterior limb of internal capsule results in the contralateral hemiplegia

Front 35

What are the ascending tracts that are present in the posterior limb of internal capsule?

Back 35

Thalamocortical fibers from VPL nucleus  postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

Front 36

What is the blood supply of the superior part of the internal capsule?

Back 36

The superior part is supplied by the lateral striate branches of middle cerebral artery

Front 37

What is the blood supply of the inferior part of the anterior limb and genu of internal capsule?

Back 37

The inferior part is supplied by the medial striate branches of anterior cerebral artery

Front 38

What is the blood supply of the inferior part of the posterior limb of internal capsule?

Back 38

Inferior part is supplied by the anterior choroidal artery

Front 39

What are the afferent and efferent tracts traversing the posterior limb of internal capsule?

Back 39

Afferent fibers;Thalamocortical fibers from VPL nucleus  postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
Efferent fibers:
Corticospinal fibers which supply the opposite half of the body and they are arranged in the following order.
The head fibers are close to genu and lower limb fibers are most posterior