Neuro 58 Development

Front 1

when does gastrulation begin? what happens?

Back 1

day 15

*primitive streak forms and cells dive in and become endoerm, mesoderm and ectoderm

Front 2

what does the ectoderm form

Back 2

1. CNS
2. PNS
3. Epidermis
4. CT of head

Front 3

what does hte Mesoderm form

Back 3

1. MM
2. CT
3. BV
4. Viscera

Front 4

what does the endoderm form

Back 4

1. Epithelium of GI
2. Respiratory system
3. Bladder

Front 5

what causes the differntiation of ectoderm

Back 5

induced by teh notochord

Front 6

what happens first, gastrulation or neurulation

Back 6

gastrulation day 15 (neurulation is 17)

gastrulation makes the dif germ layers

neurulation makes neural tube

Front 7

the notochord is derived from what? wht does it do

Back 7

mesoderm

*causes the ectoderm to form neural plates, the neural plate then becomes neural groove and then the neural tube

Front 8

what does the neuroal tube form? what cauess it to form

Back 8

notochord cauess neural tube to form

**the neural tube becomes brain and spinal cord to S2

Front 9

what is the process called that closes the neural tube? when do the pores close

Back 9

2 nerulation

*rostral closes day 25
*caudal closes day 27

Front 10

the brain and spinal cord to S2 is made of?

S3 down to coccygeal eminance is made by?

Back 10

neural tube
caudal eminance

Front 11

what is the caudal eminance

Back 11

its the part that forms the spinal cord from S3 down

Front 12

when might we see anencephaly, or spina bifida

Back 12

when the rostral or caudal neuropore dosent close

Rostral should close at 25: aencephaly
Caudal should close at 27

Front 13

what developes next to the notochord and neural tube

Back 13

somites, areas of paraxial mesoderm

Front 14

where do somites develop, what kind of mesoderm are they

Back 14

next to notochord and neural tube

**paraxial

Front 15

what do somites develop into

Back 15

its paraxial mesoderm (MM, CT, BV, viscera)

the somite directly makes the:
1. Scleratome: Vertebrea
2. Myotome: Sm mm of the area
3. Dermatome: dermis

Front 16

what makes the bony case of the spinal cord? what about the brain

Back 16

Brain: neural crest makes the skull

Spinal Cord: somites

Front 17

what are the divisions of the somite

Back 17

its paraxial mesoderm that develops next to the neural tube and notochord

1. Dermatome: skin
2. Myotome: sk mm
3. Scleratome: vertebrae

Front 18

what does neural crest form

Back 18

bones of face and skull

Front 19

the neural tube makes what

Back 19

brain
the spinal cord to S2
CNS neurons
Lower Motor Neurons
Autonomic Pregnaglionic Neurons
GLial cells (astrycytes, oligodendrites, ependymal cells)

Front 20

what are the 3 primary brain vesicles? what do they form

Back 20

1. Proencephalon: forebrain
2. Mesencephalon: midbrain
3. Rhombencephalon: hundbrain

Front 21

is this a primary or secondary vesicle? what does it form?

1. mesencephalon
2. telencephalon
3. proencephalon
4. rhombencephalon
5. diencephalon
6. myencephalon
7. metencephalon

Back 21

1. mesencephalon: both 1 and 2, midbrain

2. telencephalon: 2, central hemispheres

3. proencephalon: 1, forebrain

4. rhombencephalon: 1, hindbrain

5. diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalmus

6. myencephalon: 2, medulla

7. metencephalon: 2, pons and cerebellum

Front 22

what brain vesicle makes this mature structure? is it a 1 or 2 vesicle
foerbrain

Back 22

proencephalon, 1

Front 23

what brain vesicle makes this mature structure? is it a 1 or 2 vesicle
midbrain

Back 23

mesencephalon

both 1 nad 2

Front 24

what brain vesicle makes this mature structure? is it a 1 or 2 vesicle
hindbrain

Back 24

rhombenecephalon

*primary

Front 25

what brain vesicle makes this mature structure? is it a 1 or 2 vesicle
cerebral hemisphere

Back 25

telencephalon

2

Front 26

what brain vesicle makes this mature structure? is it a 1 or 2 vesicle
thalamus
hypothalmus

Back 26

diencephalon

*2

Front 27

what brain vesicle makes this mature structure? is it a 1 or 2 vesicle
pons and cerebellum

Back 27

metaencephalon

*2

Front 28

what brain vesicle makes this mature structure? is it a 1 or 2 vesicle
medulla

Back 28

myelencephalon

*2

Front 29

what are hte 2 vesicles associated with the proencephalon

Back 29

telencephalon, cerebral hemisphere

diencephalon, thalamus and hypothalamus

Front 30

what are the 2 vesicles associated with teh rhombencephalon

Back 30

metaencephalon, pons, cerebellum

myelencephalon, medulla

Front 31

what flexure is associated with the midbrain

Back 31

cephalic (mesencephalic) flexure

**recall the mesencephalon vesicle is associated with the medulla

Front 32

what is the cephalic flexure associated with

Back 32

midbrain

Front 33

what is the cervical flexure associated with

Back 33

medulla/spinal cord junstion

Front 34

what is the flexure that is associated with the medulla and spinal cord junction

Back 34

cervical

Front 35

what are the first 2 flexures that happen

Back 35

1. Cephalic, midbrain
2. Cervical: medulla and SC jct

Front 36

the pontine flexure is association with what

Back 36

the pons/medulla jction

Front 37

the pons medulla jct is associated with what flexure

Back 37

pontine

Front 38

the telencephalic flexure is associated with what

Back 38

*the jct btwn

telencephalon(cerebral hemisphere)

nad the diencephalon (hypothalmus, thalamus)

Front 39

what flexure is the jct btwn cerebral hemisphere and hte diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus)

Back 39

the telencephalic flexure

seperates the telencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus) and the diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus)

*both are the 2 vesicles that came from teh proencephalon

Front 40

the alar plate is induced by what? what structures does it form

Back 40

epidermis

**makes afferner columns in brainstem (lateral)
**does posterior SC (sensory)

Front 41

what seperates the basal and alar plate areas in the spinal cord

Back 41

sulcus limitans

**the alar plate derivatives are lateral sensory
**basal plate is medial motor

**this is the location in the brainstem (we know in teh SC that post is sensory and ant is motor)

Front 42

the epidermis induces what plate? what does it do?

Back 42

alar plate

**post spinal cord, lateral affernts (sensory) in brain stem

Front 43

what is the organization of motor and sensory in the brainstem

Back 43

motor: medial, basal plate derivaties

lateral: sensory, alar plate (epidermis)

Front 44

what indices the basal plate to form, what does the basal plate do?

Back 44

notochord, it becomes the anteiror area of the spinal cord (MOTOR) and hte medial part of the brain stem

Front 45

what is the arrangement of afferents and afferents around the sulcus limitans in the brainstem

Back 45

Afferents are lateral (sensory, alar plate)

Efferents are medial (motor, basal plates, notochord induced)

Front 46

so sensory info is induced by...
motor...

Back 46

sensory is epidermis, post SC, alar plate

motor is notochrod, ant, basal plate

Front 47

in the brainstem where are the alar and basal plate derivatives

Back 47

alar: lateral, sensory, epidermis, post SC

basal: medial brainstem, motor, anterior SC, notochord induced

Front 48

are spinal alar plate or basal plate derivatives

Back 48

both, mixed nerves

Front 49

the ventral and dorsal roots of the SC, what is basal plate, what is alar

Back 49

Alar is sensory, so its dorsal (posterior)

Basal is motor so its ventral, (antieror)

Front 50

what is hte origin of the skin around the SC, the vertebrae, and the mm on the SC

Back 50

somites! paraxial mesoderm

Scleratome: vert
Dermatome: skin
Myotome: sk mm

Front 51

what are PNS neurons made of?

Back 51

neural crest

Front 52

waht are the neuronal and non neuronal elements of neural crest derivatives

Back 52

PNS neurons
post root
paravertebral/prevertebral gang
PNS gang
sensroy gang
enteric neurons

NON NEURAL:
face bones
skull
schwann cells
melanocytes

Front 53

what are melanocytes made of

Back 53

neural crest

Front 54

what is the post root ganglion made of

Back 54

neural crest

Front 55

neuroblasts are connected to what 2 surfaces in the brain

Back 55

pia
ventricle

**during their development they migrate from ventricle, to pial and back to ventricle

**in mitosis the neuroblasts dont contact pia, just ventricle but the daughtercells contact pia

Front 56

during the course of migration of neuroblasts in the cortex what do they do

Back 56

they start in mitosis attached only to the ventricular surface

the daughter cells then reach the ventricle surface but migrate back to the ventricular surface but retain 2 contact pts, one with ventricle adn the other with pia

Front 57

what are the 3 layers of neural tube, what are they called initially and then what do they develop into

Back 57

1. Ventricular: becomes ependymal layer

2. Intermediate (mantle): becomes cerebral cortex and subcorticle white matter

3. Marginal Zone: becomes marginal layer (outer layer)

Front 58

what is the outermost layer of the brain called? what layer of neural tube was it in development

Back 58

marginal layer

**was the marginal zone layer in development

Front 59

what was the innermost layer of neuroal tube in development, what did it differentiate into

Back 59

ventricular layer

**becomes the ependymal layer

Front 60

the cerebal cortex and subcortical white matter came from what layer of the neuroal tube

Back 60

intermediate zone (mantle)

**ventricular: ependymal
**intermediate: cortex, subcortical white
**marginal: marginal

Front 61

as neuroblasts are migrating what cells are they following

Back 61

radial glial cells

**thse radial glial become ependymal cells after neuron migration is complete

Front 62

what are radial glial cells? waht do they become

Back 62

they are the cells that neuroblasts migrate along

**after migration is complete radial glial cells become ependymal cells

Front 63

what does it mean that neuroblasts have an inside out pattern of development

Back 63

the first neuroblasts to migrate form the DEEPEST layer of neurons in the cortex (the first one is the deepest!)

the last neuroblasts to migrate form the most superficial

Front 64

what does it mean, the first one is the deepest

Back 64

**when neuroblasts migrate they do it along radial glial cells and do it inside out

**the first neuroblasts to migrate will be the deepest layer of neurons in the cortex

**the last ones to migrate will be the most superficial

Front 65

what layer of the brain lines the ventricles? what lines the outer surface

Back 65

ventricle: ependymal (innermost layer)

Outer: marginal

Front 66

ok so when did neurons in layer 1 migrate in relation to layer 6

Back 66

layer 6 is the innermost (deepest) so they migrated FIRST

the neurons in the outermost layer 1 migrated last

Front 67

whi migrated forst layer 4 or 5

Back 67

4 is closer to outer surface so it migrated secone (sensory)

5 migrated first, it is deeper (motor)

Front 68

so whats the deal with your cortex if your a smartie

Back 68

kids: thin
Adults: thick

**result of cortex being small, growing, and then thinning a bit

**thinning of cortex reflects pruning of redindant connections

**smarties have more of a swing of pruning and growing

Front 69

what happens to the cortex thickness of dummies

Back 69

starts really thick (smart started thin) and only cuts back a little bit

**there is not much growth and pruning so there are alot more redindant connections

**the large cahnge in smarties from small to large to thinner again prunes the cortex and gets you smart

Front 70

so in the cerebral hemispheres we saw that there was a ventricular, intermediate nad marginal zone that had distinct adult derivatives, is this the case in the cerebellum

Back 70

sure thing!

Ventricular Zone: ependymal layer
Intermediate: CEREBELLAR cortex, subcorticle white matter, nuclei
Marginal: molecular layer of cerebellar cortex

Front 71

do cerebellar nuclei migrate

Back 71

nope

part of intermediate zone, internal germinal layer

Front 72

how do the PKJ and Gogli cells in the crebellum migrate

Back 72

along radial glial cells

**part of intermediate zone, internal germinal layer

Front 73

what happens in the internal germinal layer of the crebellum

Back 73

1. its part of the intermediate zone (cortex, white matter, nuclei)

2. Neuroblasts migrate toward pit

3. PKG/golgi migrate along glial cells

4. cerebellar nuclei dont migrate

Front 74

what happens in the external germinal layer of the cerebellum

Back 74

1. Part of marginal zone (becomes molecular layer)

2. neuroblasts migrate inward (away from pia)

3. granule cells migrate along glial cells

4. basket adn stellate cells dont migrate

Front 75

in what layer do neuroblasts migrate toward pia? away?

Back 75

Toward: internal germinal layer

Away: external germinal layer

Front 76

what are the 3 cell types on the cerebellum that migrate along glial cells, what layer are they in

Back 76

PKJ and golgi: internal layer (cerebral cortex, white matter, nuclei)

Granule cells: external (molecular layer of cerebellar cortex)

Front 77

what cells in the crebellum dont migrate, wht layer

Back 77

1. Cerebellar nuclei in internal layer (cortex, white matter, nuclei)

2. Basket/Stellate in external layer (becomes molecular layer of cerebellar cortex)

Front 78

how do axons find their way

Back 78

they have bog growth cones that sence the chemical environment

they have tropic factros that giude growth and trhphic factors that maintain metabolism and prevent apoptosis

Front 79

what are growth cones

Back 79

areas on axons that halp it grow

**they are giuded by both tropic and trophic factros

Tropic: tell them where to grow
Trophic: keep them alive

Front 80

what are some of the tropic factors that giude the growth of axone

Back 80

netrin+
Semaphorins: -
collapsins: -

**guide the cell toward a target

Front 81

waht do these factors do?
Netrin
Semaphorins
Collapsins

Back 81

tropic factors that will guide the growth of axone

netrin +
collapsin -
Semaphorin -

Front 82

what are the trophic factors that are involved in axon pathfinding

Back 82

NGF
BDNF
FGF

**they let the axons live, prevent apoptosis and maintain metabolism

Front 83

what are tropic and trophic factors?

Back 83

they giud the growth of axons

Tropic: tell the axon where to go
Trophic: let the axon survive

Front 84

what is an example of axon pathfinding

Back 84

the optic chiasm:

medial cells get + tropic factors to tell them to keep on going (netrin) and the lateral axons get - signals to tell them to turn and stay IL (collapsin, semaphorin)

**the optic chiasm has a mixture of attrative and repulsive forces

Front 85

in the visual system we have axons from teh LGN that go to specific areas in the cortex, how does this come about/

Back 85

synaptic competition

**overlapping territories are eliminated by synaptic competition so that a single visual column in the cortex is very specific

Front 86

what goes on with exon pathfinding in neuromuscular synapse

Back 86

we know that UE is innervated by nerves from upper SC, it turns out this topography is maintained on individual mm fiber level

**mm fibers are initially polyinnervated BUT there is then synaptic competition that lets the mm fiber be MONOinnervated

Front 87

is a single mm fiber innervated once or more than once

Back 87

ONCE

**iniitally there is poly innervation but competition is so foerce that one neuron will win and there iwll be MONOinnervation

Front 88

is there a head to toe molecular specification of genes so that one area of the body is matched with one area of the brain

Back 88

yep, HOX genes determine brain region identificaiton in a cranial to caudal axis

Front 89

what did HOX genes show iu

Back 89

there is a cranial to caudal molecular specification of brain region

Front 90

we know with HOX we have head to teo specification, is there a front to back specification

Back 90

yep

Epidermis releaases BMP to signal a post identity

Notochord releases SHH to make an antier identity

**these are the tings that indice alar (post) and basal (front) plate

Front 91

what are the things released by epidermis and notochord to induce ant and post ID? what plates

Back 91

Epidermis: BMP, post, alar plate

Notochord: SHH, antieor, basal plate

Front 92

what are BMP and SHH

Back 92

BMP released from epidermis to make the posteiror side the opsterior side, alar plate

AHH is released from notochord to make the antieor side antioer, basalar plate