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297 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does a lesion in the basal ganglia affect?
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Movement--often causes involuntary movements
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What areas does the basal ganglia refer to?
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Caudate nucleus
Putamen Globus pallidus Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra |
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What disease affects the caudate nucleus?
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Huntington's Disease
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What disease affects the putamen?
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Wilson's/Dystonia
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What disease affects the globus pallidus?
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Carbon monoxide poisoning
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What disease affects the subthalamic nucleus?
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Hemiballismus
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What disease affects the substantia nigra?
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Parkinson's disease
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What makes up the Striatum?
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The putamen and the caudate
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What does the putamen control?
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Motor
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What does the caudate control?
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Cognitive/behavioral control
Eye movements |
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What does the lentiform nucleus relate to?
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Putamen and Globus pallidus
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What does the corpus striatum relate to?
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Caudate, Putamen, globus pallidus
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What is the nucleus accumbens involved in?
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Addiction/Reward
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What happens to the brain in Huntington's Disease?
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It shrinks
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What is the problem in Wilson's disease?
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Copper toxicity--chews up putamen
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What does a patient with Wilson's disease look like?
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Fixed posture--dystonia
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What is happens to the brain in Wilson's Disease?
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Cu2+ chews up the putamen
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What are the symptoms of CO poisoning?
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Light headed
Nausea |
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What is affected in Parkinson's Disease?
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The substantia nigra pars compacta
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An abcess in the left subthalamic nucleus would produce what?
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Hemiballismus on the right side
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Does hyperkinesia have an increase or decrease in GPI?
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Decrease in GPI
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Does Parkinson's, hypokinesia, have an increase or decrease in GPI?
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Increase in GPI--decrease in motor cortex activity
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Is an increase in GPI excitatory or inhibitory?
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Inhibitory
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Is a decrease in GPI excitatory or inhibitory?
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Excitatory
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What is the output center of the basal ganglia?
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The GPI
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What are examples of hyperkinetic movements?
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Chorea, Ballismus, Dystonia
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What are the main clinical features of Parkinson's disease?
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Resting tremor--usually one side
Bradykinesia Rigidity Postural instability Reduced facial expression Microphagia (sm hand writing) |
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What is deficient in Parkinson's disease?
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Dopamine
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Where is the loss of dopamine producing cells occuring?
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Substantia nigra
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What do the neurons that are not affected by the loss of dopamine contain?
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Lewey bodies
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Will a substantia nigra affected by Parkinson's disease stain darker black or lighter black?
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Lighter black beacuse it has lost dopamine
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What is pathognomic for PD?
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Lewey bodies in the cytoplasm
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Does dopamine deficiency lead to overactive or underactive GPI?
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Overactive GPI
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What is dopamine made from?
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Tyrosine
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What is the rate limiting step in the formation of dopamine?
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Tyrosine to Dopa using TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE
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What enzyme converts L-Dopa to Dopamine?
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Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAADC)
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What is the "Nectar of the Gods" drug used for PD?
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Sinemet
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What does Sinemet include?
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Carbidopa and levodopa
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What is carbidopa?
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An AAADC inhibitor
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Why is an AAADC inhibitor used in treatment for PD if it is needed to make dopamine?
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AAADC needs to be inhibited in the periphary--if not, all the L-dopa will be converted to dopamine in the blood and none will get to the brain
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What dosage is Sinemet typically given in?
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25/100 or 50/200
Top number is the dose of carbidopa and the bottom number is the dose of levodopa |
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How is dopamine broken down?
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By MAO-B and COMT
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What is dopamine broken down into?
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DOPAC and HVA
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What are drugs used to increase dopamine activity?
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Sinement
Dopamine agonists COMT and MAO-B inhibitors Anticholingeric agents |
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Besides drugs, what are other treatment options for PD?
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Surgery--thalamotomy
Bilateral GPI or STN brain stimulation |
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What are the two main goals of drugs in PD?
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Either to increase Dopamine or to decrease Ach
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Why is Sinemet considered to be "a rose that has thorns?"
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Because the medicine works really well for PD symptoms but will eventually lead to Chorea
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What is chorea?
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Random, uncontrollable, involuntary movements
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As PD progresses, what other clinical problems may develop?
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Depression
Dementia Psychosis Chorea |
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What is dystonia?
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Stereotyped, same movement--can be twisting, writhing, or jerking, but can also be fixed abnormal postures
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What is dyskinesia?
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Random involuntary movement
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What is the extreme form of chorea?
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Ballismus
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What area of the brain does dystonia affect?
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Putamen
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Is dystonia a hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movement disorder?
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Hyperkinetic--decreased GPI
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What is a focal dystonia?
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Typically begin in adulthood and involves only one part of the body--Usually idiopathic
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What is cervical dystonia?
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Torticollis--stiff or jerky movements of the neck
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What is blepharospasm?
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Uncontrolled blinking
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What is oromandibular dystonia?
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Jaw hangs--if you put a cigarette in the mouth it will fix it
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What is spasmodic dysphonia?
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Vocal cord dystonia--either whispering or a cracking voice
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What treatment often helps focal dystonias?
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Botulinum Toxin
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What is generalized dystonia?
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Affects the entire body and is often debilitating
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What is the typical age of onset of generalized dystonia?
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Usually in childhood and caused by genetic disorders (DYT1 gene mutations of the tosin protein)
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How is generalized dystonia typically treated?
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Drugs and Surgery (Bilateral GPI lesioning or bilateral GPI stimulation)
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What is hemiballismus?
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Large amplitude, throwing, ballistic movements
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What does hemiballismus typically result from?
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A lesion in the subthalamic nucleus
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What is the classic basal ganglia disorder that causes chorea?
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Huntington's Disease
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What is chorea?
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Brief involuntary movements that flit from one part of the body to another
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How is HD transmitted?
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Autosomal dominant--each child has a 50% chance of inherting the disease
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What is the clinical presentation of HD?
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Motor disorder, emotional disorders, and cognitive disturbance
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What is the typical age of onset of HD?
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39 years--ranges from 2-70 years--juvenile onset HD is usually paternally inherited
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What is the mutation in HD?
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A mutation in the coding region of the IT 15 gene on chromosome #4--a trinucleotide repeat (CAG)
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What is anticipation?
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Greater disease severity in successive generations
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What is tardive dyskinesia?
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Persistent abnormal involuntary movements caused by drugs that block dopamine receptors (neuroepileptics)
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What is akathesia?
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Nervous, anxious--side effect of dopamine blockers
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What does classic tardive dyskinesia usually include?
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Abnormal movements of the mouth and tongue
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What are tics?
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Intermittent stereotyped movements and sounds--motor and vocal tics
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What causes Tourette's syndrome?
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Supersensitive dopamine receptors in the striatum
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What is one thing you should NOT do to a patient with tics?
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Ask them about their old tics--they will start doing them again
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Does having a tic harm the brain?
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No
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When your head turns to the left, what way do your eyes turn?
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To the right
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What is nystagmus?
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Bilateral slow eye movement to the affected side and a fast saccadic eye movement the other way
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How is nystagmus named?
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For the direction of the fast eye movement
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In nystagmus, what is the compensatory movement?
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The slow eye movement to the affected side
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Where are cranial nerves 1 and 2 located?
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In the telencephalon
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Where are cranial nerves 3 and 4 located?
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In the midbrain
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Where are cranial nerves 5, 6, 7, and 8 located?
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In the pons
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Where are cranial nerves 9, 10, and 12 located?
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In the medulla
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What is the kinocilium?
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Tallest hair cell
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Where are the cell bodies for the vestibular portion of CN #8?
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Scarpa's ganlglia
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What does bending the stereocilia towards the kinocilium cause?
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Increased number of open-tip links
Depolarization b/c K+ increases Increased transmitter release at the basolateral membrane |
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What does bending the stereocilia away from the kinocilium cause?
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Decreased number of open tip links
Hyperpolarization Decreased transmitter release Decreased afferent nerve firing |
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What is the perilymph?
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Fluid low in K+ and high in Na+ that is contained in the bony labyrinth
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What is endolymph?
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Fluid high in K+ and low in Na+ that is contained in a closed tube--the membranous labyrinth-- and doesn't communicate with any other space
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What secretes the endolymph?
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The stria vascularis
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What does over production of endolymph cause?
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Meniere's Syndrome--high fluid pressure within membranous labyrinth
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What is the voltage of the endolymph?
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80 mV
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What is the voltage of the perilymph?
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0 mV
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What kind of gradient does K+ move in response to the motion of steroecilia?
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An electrical gradient
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What is the vestibular labyrinth system composed of?
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Macula and Ampulla
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What does the macula detect?
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Linear acceleration--detect static displacement of hair bundles due to gravity
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What type of linear movements does the macula detect?
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Forward-backward, left-right, and up-down
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What does the X axis detect?
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Forward-backward---flex-extend the head
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What does the Y axis detect?
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Left-right----left side or right side
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What does the Z axis detect?
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Up-down----hypo-hyper gravity (elevator)
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What is another name for macula?
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Otolith organs
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What stimulates the otolith organs?
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Linear acceleration (dynamic signal) and/or gravity, steady head tilt (static head tilt)
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How are hair cells oriented?
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Back to back against the striola ridge
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What is the purpose of the back to back orientation of hair cells?
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So that movement of the otholithic membrane in any direction will stimulate some hair cells and inhibit others
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Are hair cells polarized away from or towards the striola in the saccule?
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Away from the stiola
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Are hair cells polarized away from or towards the striola in the maccule?
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Towards the striola
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Macula in the saccule detect lineear changes in what direction?
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Vertical plane--up and down
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Macula in the utricle detect linear changes in what direction?
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Horizontal plane--forward and backward as well as side to side
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What do the semicircular canals detect?
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Angular acceleration or deceleration
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What planes do the semiciruclar canals detect acceleration in?
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Horizontal, vertical, and lateral
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At resting position, how do the semicircular canals sit?
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Angled
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Flexing the head 30 degrees forward puts the lateral canal in what position?
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Horizontal
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Extending the head backward 60 degrees or lifting a patient's head up 30 degrees puts the lateral canal in what position?
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Vertical
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How many ampulla does each semicircular canal have?
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1 ampulla per semicircular canal
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As the head moves clockwise, what way does the endolymph go?
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Counterclockwise
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When is each semicircular canal maximally stimulated?
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When the plane of its circumference is at right angles to the axis of rotation
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In the horizontal ampulla, how are the cilia oriented in reltaion to the utricle?
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Toward the utricle
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In the anterior and posterior ampulla, how are the cilia oriented in respect to the utricle?
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Away from the utricle
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What is the preferred direction of mechanical stimulation of hair cells in the semicircular canals and the otoliths?
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Shortest steroecilia towards the kinocilium for afferent nerve excitation
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What will head movement to the left stimulate?
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Stimulate afferent firing from the left horizontal canal and inhibit firing from the right horizontal canal because they are in the same plane
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What effect will head movement to the left have on the anterior and posterior semicircular canals?
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Have no effect because they are not in the plane of rotation
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The six semicircular canals promote coordination of what during head movement?
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The coordination of the 12 extra ocular eye movements
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If you turn your head to the left, which way do your eyes go?
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To the right
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What is the head turning/eye turning reflex called?
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Vestibular Ocular Reflex
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Is the VOR short or fast?
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Very fast--Stimulus to onset of eye movement is 12 milliseconds
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If you put cold water in an ear, what way is the nystagmus and why?
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The nystagmus is to the opposite side because endolymph goes towards the ear that is stimulated causing hyperpolarization of the hair cells--therefore slow eye movement goes to the lower firing rate first
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If you put hot water in an ear, what way is the nystagmus and why?
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The nystagmus is to the same side because endolymph moves away from the ear that is stimulated causing depolarization of the hair cells--therefore the eyes move to the lower firing side first
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When doing the Barany chair experiment in the dark, what direction is the nystagmus?
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Nystagmus is in the direction of the chair rotation
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When doing the Barany chair experiment in the dark, what happens in 30 sec after starting the experiment?
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The nystagmus will stop because head, semicircular canals, and endlymph are all moving at the same velocity
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What happens when doing the Barany chair experiment with the lights on?
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The patient can see the envirnoment so you get optokinetic nystagmus
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What is optokinetic nystagmus?
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Allows the eyes to stay focused on an object while chair is still moving---focusing on consecutive telephone poles while riding in a car
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What happens in the Barany chair experiment if the the lights are on and you come to a sudden stop?
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You get postrotatory nystagmus because the endolymph keeps going
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In the Barany chair experiment, in what direction is the postrotatory nystagmus going to be in?
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In the direction the chair was turning
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What is benign positional vertigo?
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When the otoconia become displaced from the utricle macula and become dislodged in the cupula of the posterior canal
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What does benign positional vertigo result in?
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Brief episodes of vertigo that coincide with changes in body position
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What is labyrinth disease?
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Seasickness or space sickness
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What are the symptoms of labyrinth disease?
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Vertigo
Nausea Oscillopsia Anxiety |
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What are the signs of labyrinth disease?
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Nystagmus
Falling or postural deviation Sweating Pallor Vomiting Hypotension |
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What is acute perpheral vestibulopathy?
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A spontaneous attack of vertigo of unapparent cause--maybe infection
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What are the symptoms of acute peripheral vestibulopathy?
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Vertigo
Nausea Vomiting of acute onset |
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Does the corticospinal tract contain upper or lower motor neurons?
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Upper motor neurons
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What are the two descending motor pathways?
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Lateral motor systems and medial motor systems
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Where do the lateral motor systems travel in the spinal cord?
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In the lateral columns of the spinal cord--white matter
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What do the lateral motor systems control?
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They control movements of extremities--arms, legs, geet, hands
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What are the two tracts in the lateral motor system?
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Lateral corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tract
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Where is the rubrospinal tract located?
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In the red nucleus
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What does the rubrospinal tract control?
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Flexor tone in the upper extremities
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Where do the medial motor pathways synapse?
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On medial ventral horn motor neurons and interneurons
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What do the medial motor pathways control?
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Movements of the trunk (axial and gurdle movements)
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Do the medial motor pathways influence musculature bilaterally or unilaterally?
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Bilaterally
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What are the four tracts in the medial motor system?
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Anterior corticospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tracts Resticulospinal tracts Tectospinal tract |
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What does the anterior corticospinal tract control?
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Bilateral control of axial and girdle muscles
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Does the anterior corticospinal tract cross the midline?
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No
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What are the two Vestibulospinal tracts?
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Lateral VST
Medial VST |
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What does the lateral VST control?
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Controls extensor tone--runs the length of the spinal cord
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What does the medial VST control?
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Controls the head and neck--ends at the cervical cord level
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What does the reticulospinal tract control?
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Automatic posture and gait movements
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How many reticulospinal tracts are there?
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Two--lateral and medial RST
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What does the tectospinal tract control?
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Coordination of head and eye movements--ends in the spinal cord
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In the corticospinal tract, what does the upper motor neuron "squeeze" between?
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The putamen and caudate
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Where do the upper motor neurons of the corticospinal lateral tract decussate?
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Medulla-spinal cord juncture
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How many of the neurons in the lateral corticospinal tract cross over?
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90%
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The 10% of neurons that don't cross over become what?
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The medial motor system
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As the corticospinal tract is descending, what does is pass through in the midbrain?
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The cerebral peduncles
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What is an example of trauma to the spinal cord?
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Brown-Sequard syndrome
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What are the symptoms of Brown-Sequard Syndrome?
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Ipsilateral loss of motor and touch and pressure
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature |
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What happens in an anterior spinal artery infarct?
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Knocks out the anterolateral pathways (pain and temp) bilaterally below the lesion and lower motor neuron signs--dorsal columns spared
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What happens in a dorsal spinal artery occlusion?
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Lose proprioception because the dorsal columns are gone
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What happens to the spinal cord in a vitamin b12 deficiency?
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Degeneration of myelin--B12 is required for myelin production
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What are the symptoms in B12 deficiency?
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Tingling and numbness of hands and feet
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What area of the brain is affected more by the demyelination?
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Dorsal columns
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What can occur with degeneration of the cerebral white matter?
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Dementia
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What is infectious myelitis?
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Inflammation of the spinal cord
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What causes infectious myelitis?
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HIV, Lyme disease, tertiary syphilis, and poliomyelitis
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What is inflammatory myelitis?
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Autoimmune inflammatory disorder affecting central nervous system myelin--Multiple sclerosis
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What does degenerative/developmental problems in the spinal cord affect?
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Upper motor neurons, lower motor neurons, or both
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Where are cranial nerves 1 and 2 located?
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Telencephalon
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Where are cranial nerves 3 and 4 located?
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Midbrain
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Where are cranial nerves 5, 6, 7, and 8 located?
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In the pons
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Where are cranial nerves 9, 10, and 12 located?
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In the medulla
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What are the three parts of the brainstem?
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Midbrain
Pons Medulla |
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What is the most rostral portion of the brainstem?
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Midbrain
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What is the most caudal portion of the brainstem?
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Medulla
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What is the "roof" seen in the midbrain?
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Tectum
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What does the tectum contain?
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Superior and inferior colliculi
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What is the middle portion of the midbrain called?
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Tegmentum
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What does the tegmentum contain the bulk of?
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The main bulk of the brain stem nuceli and the reticular formation
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What is the most ventral part of the brain stem?
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The base
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What does the base contain?
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Large collection of fibers and tracts--corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine tract
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What are the three cranial nerves NOT associated with the brain stem?
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1 and 2--Forebrain
11-cervical spinal cord |
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What are the sensory only cranial nerves?
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1, 2, and 8
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What are the motor only cranial nerves?
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3, 4, 6, 11, and 12
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What are the motor and sensory cranial nerves?
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5, 7, 9, and 10
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Where is the preganglionic cell body for CN3?
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Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the midbrain
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Where is the preganglionic cell body for CN7?
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Superior salivatory nucleus in the pons
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Where is the preganglionic cell body for CN9?
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Inferior salivatory nucleus in the medulla
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Where is the preganglionic cell body for CN10?
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Dorsal motor nucleus in the medulla
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Where are the postganglionic cell bodies for CN3?
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In the ciliary ganglion
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Where do the axons project after leaving the ciliary ganglion?
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To the eye ciliary muscle and constrictor (spinchter) muscle of the iris
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Where are the postganglionic cell bodies for CN7?
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In the sphenopalatine ganglion and the submandibular ganglion
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Where do the axons project after leaving the sphenopalatine ganglion?
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To the lacrimal glands and nasal mucosa
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Where do the axons project after leaving the submandibular ganglion?
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To the submandibular and submaxillary salivary glands
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Where are the postganglionic cell bodies located for CN9?
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In the otic ganglion
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Where do the axons project after leaving the otic ganglion?
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To the parotid gland
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Where are the postganglionic cell bodies located for CN10?
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In various terminal ganglion
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Where do the axons of Vagus project after leaving the various terminal ganglion?
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To the effector organs--lungs, heart, and GI tract
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What does the sympathetic nervous system innervate?
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The eye, face, and scalp
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Does the descending tract from the hypothalamus cross the midline as is descends through the brain stem and spinal cord?
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No--it DOES NOT cross the midline
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Where are all the SNS preganglionic cell bodies located?
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In the IML cell column of the spinal cord (T1-L3)
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Where are the preganglionic cell bodies that are innervating the head found?
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T1-T2
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Where are the postganglionic cell bodies that are innervating the head found?
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In the superior cervical ganglion
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A lesion of the sympathetic pathway to the head will cause what?
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Ipsilateral Horner's Syndrome
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What are the classic signs of Horner's Syndrome?
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Miosis--constriction
Ptosis--drooping upper eyelid Anhidrosis--lack of sweating on the face and neck |
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If you lesion the descending tract from the hypothalamus and the ascending ALS pathway, what will the symptoms be?
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IPSILATERAL miosis, ptosis, and anhidrosis and CONTRALATERAL pain and temperature loss
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What are signs of an upper motor neuron lesion?
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Weakness
No atrophy No fasiculation Increased reflexes Increased tone |
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What are signs of a lower motor neuron lesion?
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Weakness
Atrophy Fasiculation Decreased reflexes Decreased tone |
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What are the five main neural tracts?
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Medial Lemniscus
Anterolateral System Coricospinal tract Descending Hypothalamic SNS Fibers |
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What is the 5th main neural tract?
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Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)
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What does the MLF pathway connect?
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Interconnects the centers for horizontal gaze, vestibular nuclei, and the nerve nuclei for CN 3, 4, and 6--Keeps eye movements and eye balls yoked together
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What do brain stem lesions of the MLF produce?
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Internuclear Opthalmoplegia (INO) and disrupt the vestibular occular reflex
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If there is a lesion in the left internuclear neuron, what is the result?
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The eye can't look to the right because the medial rectus is not getting the message
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What are causes of lesions that affect the MLF?
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MS
Pontine infarcts Neoplasms |
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Where do upper motor neurons of the corticobulbar tract originate and where do they terminate?
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They orginate in the motor cortex and terminate on MOTOR cranial nerve nuclei in the pons and medulla
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What cranial nerves does the corticobulbar tract innervate?
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All nuclei that cause skeletal muscle to contract--CN 5, 7, 10, 11, and 12
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Is corticobulbar innervation of the lower motor neurons unilaterally or bilaterally?
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Mainly bilaterally
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What is the one exception in the corticobulbar tract that does not receive bilateral innervation?
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CN 7--facial nerve LMN to the lower face receives only contralateral UMN innervation
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A facial nerve lesion in the lower motor neuron will have what type of paralysis?
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Ipsilateral total face paralysis--involves the forehead
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A facial nerve lesion in the upper motor neuron will have what type of paralysis?
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"Central 7"--will cause only lower face paralysis contralateral to the lesion--can still wrinkle forehead
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Will a lower motor neuron in the facial nerve cause ipsilateral or contralateral loss?
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Ipsilateral loss of total face
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Will an upper motor neuron in the facial nerve cause ipsilateral or contralateral loss?
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Contralateral loss of 1/4 of the face (lower portion of face--forhead spared)
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Where are cell bodies of cranial nerves that do motor located?
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Medial--near the midline
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Where are cell bodies of cranial nerves that do sensory located?
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Lateral
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Where are the cell bodies of cranial nerves that do motor and sensory functions founds?
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Near the sulcus limitans
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What does the sulcus limitans separate?
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The motor from the sensory areas in the brain stem
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What are motor neurons that have both motor and sensory function called?
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Branchiomeric skeletal motor--5, 7, 9, and 10
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What are the five key brainstem sections?
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The spinomeduallary junction
Caudal medulla Rostral medulla Caudal pons Rostral midbrain |
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What does the spinomedullary junction contain?
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The pyramidal tract decussation
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What does the caudal medulla contain?
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The dorsal column nuclei--internal arcute fibers
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What does the rostral medulla contain?
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The inferior olivary nucleus and CN 12 nucleus and facial colliculus
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What is the caudal pons?
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The level of genu of the facial nerve
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What is the rostral midbrain the level of?
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Level of the superior colliculus and CN3
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What do the middle cerebellar peduncles connect?
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Nuclei in the pons base to the cerebellum
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What are the three main fiber tracts in the pons?
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Corticospinal tract
Corticopontine Corticonuclear (bulbar) |
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Bell's palsy will have ipsilateral or contralateral face weakness?
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Ipsilateral loss of the whole side of the face
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Lesions of lower motor neurons to the face give ipsilateral or contralateral loss?
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Ipsilateral--loss of forehead
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Lesions of upper motor neurons to the face give ipsilateral or contralateral loss?
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Contralateral--spares forehead
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What does a lesion of the abducens nerve cause?
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Diploplia
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What does a lesion of the abducens nucleus cause?
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Ipsilateral lateral gaze palsy
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What does a lesion of the abducens nucleus and ipsilateral MLF cause?
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Ipsilateral lateral gaze palsy and INO
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What nucleus is the proprioception for CN5 found in?
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Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus
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What nucleus is fine touch for CN 5 found in?
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Major trigeminal nucleus
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What nucleus is pain and temperature for CN 5 found in?
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Spinal trigeminal nucleus
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What muscle does cranial nerve 4 control?
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Superior oblique
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What will a lesion to cranial nerve 4 cause?
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Diploplia
Weakness while looking down with the abducted eye |
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What does a lesion of CN 3 cause?
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Loss of near vision response
Ptosis Dilated pupils Loss of pupillary light reflex |
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What eye movements does the pons control?
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Horizontal eye movement
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What is the information super highway of eye movements?
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Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)
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What does a lesion of the PPRF or the abducens nucleus cause?
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Ipsilateral horizontal gaze palsy
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What eye movements does the midbrain control?
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Vertical and vergence eye movements
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Vertical eye movements are initiated where in the midbrain?
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The rostral midbrain and reticular fomration and pretectal area
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Vergence eye movements are initiated where in the midbrain?
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Midbrain reticular formation
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What stimulates the PPRF and generates conjugate eye movements to the contralateral side?
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Frontal eye fields
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What stimulates smooth pursuit eye movements in the ipsilateral direction?
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Parieto-occipitotemporal cortex
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What eye movement allows us to rapidly redirect our line of sight......to bring objects of interest onto the fovea?
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Saccadic eye movements
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What eye movements allows us to hold the image on the fovea of the retina?
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Smooth pursuit eye movements
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What are the only type of eye movements which cause the eye to move in opposite directions?
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Vergence--they are disconjugate
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What is the near reflex?
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Convergence
Accomodation Constriction |
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What two systems operate together to hold images stable on the retina?
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Vestibular and optokinetic
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What does the SCA supply?
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Superior cerebellum and rostral pons
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What does the aICA supply?
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Caudal pons and a small portion of the cerebellum
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What does the pICA supply?
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The medulla and inferior cerebellum
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What arteries is the midbrain supplied by?
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The posterior cerebral artery and top of the basilar artery
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What arteries is the pons supplied by?
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Basilar artery
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What arteries is the medial medulla supplied by?
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Basilar artery
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What arteries is the lateral medulla supplied by?
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Vertebral artery and PICA
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What will lesions in the brain stem to any of the long tracts result it?
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Body contralateral deficit
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Lesions in the brain stem long tracts result in contralateral defcicts except for what?
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Descending hypothalmic fibers
Cerebellar Peduncle damage Damage to cranial nerves and nuclei **All result in ipsilateral deficits** |
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What kind of posturing is seen in a lesion of the midbrain?
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Decorticate posturing--lesion above the Red nucleus
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What kind of posturing is seen in a lesion of the pons?
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Decerebrate posturing
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What is the major input center in the cerebellum?
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Middle cerebellar peduncle
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What are the input fibers of the middle cerebellar peduncle called?
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Mossy fibers
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What is the major output center of the cerebellum?
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Superior cerebellar peduncle
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Does the cerebelllum regulate output directly or indirectly?
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Indirectly
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What do lesions of the cerebellum produce?
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Ataxia
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What separates the two lobes of the cerebellum?
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Vermis
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What connects the cerebellum to the pons and medulla?
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Cerebellar peduncles
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What divides the cerebellum into an anterior and posterior lobe?
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The primary fissure
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What divides the posterior lobe from the flocculonodular lobe?
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The posterolateral fissure
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What part of the cerebellum does complex motor planning?
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Cerebrocerebellum
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What are the two parts of the spinocerebellum?
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Paramedian
Vermis |
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What influences the lateral motor tracts?
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Paramedian
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What influences the medial motor tracts?
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Vermis
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What is responsible for balance, posture, and VOR?
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Vestibulocerebellum--Flocculondoular lobe
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