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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fiber type of fast pain?
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A-delta
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Fiber type of slow pain (unmyelinated)?
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C
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Muscle spindles, pressure and slow pain would display what type of adaptation?
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Tonic
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Slowly adapting receptor
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tonic
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Detects a steady stimulus
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tonic
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Rapidly adapting receptor
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Phasic
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Pacinian corpuscle, light touch are of what receptors?
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Phasic
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Detect an onset and offset of a stimulus
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Phasic receptor
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Show a decline in AP frequency with time in response to a constant stimulus
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Phasic receptor
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Respond repetitively to a prolonged stimulus
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Tonic receptor
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Neurons that receive the transduced signal and send the info to the CNS
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First-order/primary afferent neurons
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transduce the stimulus into electrical energy
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Sensory receptor (can be primary afferent neuron like olfactory chemoreceptors)
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Where do the primary afferent neurons have their cell bodies?
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Dorsal root ganglia
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Where are second order neurons located?
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Brain stem of SC
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Transmit info from primary afferent to thalamus
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second order neuron
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Detects vibration
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pacinian corpuscle
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Detects pressure
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Ruffini's corpuscle
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Detects veolocity
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meissner's corpuscle
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What are the receptors for pain?
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Free nerve endings in the skin (nociceptors)
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What type are the axons of olfactory nerves?
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Unmyelinated C fibers (smallest and slowest)
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Second order neurons in the olfactory bulb
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Mitral cells
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In contrast to olfactory receptor cells, taste receptors are NOT
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neurons
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Are receptors graded or not graded?
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Graded
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Type of energy that a receptor responds to under normal conditions
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Adequate Stimulus
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Name 2 ways that a stimulus in encoded
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frequency and population
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The firing rate of sensory neurons > with > intensity
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Frequency coding
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The number of primary afferents responding also increases
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Population coding (Recruitment)
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Process by which the response of a receptor to a constant stimulus declines over time
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Adaptation
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Ability to localize a stimulus
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Acuity
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What determines acuity?
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Receptive field size and receptor density (smaller and more dense = more precise)
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In lateral inhibition, application of a stimulus to the center of the RF does what?
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excites it
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In lateral inhibition, application of a stimulus applied near the edge of a RF does what?
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inhibit it
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Conscious process
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Perception
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Unconscious process
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Sensation
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Patients with anosmia typically complain of what as well?
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Ageusia
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What are the 4 physiological steps of sensory info processing?
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Stimulation, Transduction (unique), Transmission, Perception
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Conversion of stimulus energy to electrical potentials
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Transduction
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In response to intense stimuli, a receptor potential will what?
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saturate
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What are 2 examples where the receptor is also the primary afferent?
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Somatosensory and olfactory systems
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What are 2 examples where receptor --> primary afferent?
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Auditory and visual (most special senses)
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Spatial region where application of a stimulus causes a sensory neuron to respond
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Receptive Field (RF)
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Name 3 types of stimulus energy
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Electromagnetic and thermal, mechanical, and chemical
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The WHAT of stimulus coding
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Modality
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How do receptors display modality?
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Respond to one form of energy more than any other and respond to only a narrow range of stimulus energy
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Pathways carrying sensory info centrally are also specific regarding a particular stimulus
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Labelled line theory of modality
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Some sensory systems integrate inro across multiple primary afferents and a few types of afferent endings are multimodal
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Pattern THeory
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2 examples of pattern theory
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olfactory and color perception
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Produces the response with the lowest threshold
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Adequate stimulus
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What is the most common way to increase the size of the receptor potential and thus the firing rate of primary afferents?
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> size of RF stimulated (Frequency coding)
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In population coding, which neuron will respond with the largest number of AP?
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In the center of the stimulation
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Name 2 ways to > APs?
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> size of receptor field (freq coding) or recruitment (population coding)
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The maximum intensity of a stimulus that produces a response from a sensory system
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Saturation
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Difference between threshold and saturation
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dynamic range
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Ex of tonic adaptation
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olfactory system
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The smaller the RF, the better the
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acuity
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The more dense the RF, the better the
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acuity
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The more intense the stimulus, the _______ precisely a stimulus can be localized
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LESS
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How does the CNS resolve the paradox that the more intense the stimuls, the less likely it can be localized?
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Lateral inhibition
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What is the net result in the CNS of lateral inhibition?
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The area of sensation is less than the area of receptor activation
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What is Dale's Law?
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primary afferent neurons release excitatory NT at each synapse (even to inhibitory neurons which inhibit adjacent neurons) = Lateral inhibition
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Info that is passed in an ascending manner from one neuron to the next within a specific pathway
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Series processing
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The series type of processing is a fundamental component of which theory of sensory coding?
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Labelled line
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When sensory info is expanded from the primary sensory pathway into multiple parallel processing routes
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Divergence
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An example of divergence
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nociceptive pathways branching to activate autonomic and emotional responses as well as somatosensory cortex
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What type of processing is the gate theory an example of?
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Convergence (rubbing your elbow when in pain)
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Centrifugal connections (those that provide feedback control within a sensory system) is an example of what?
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Desceding input processing
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Non-sensory inputs, such as those that allow for selective attention are examples of which type of processing?
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Descending Input
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The cocktail party effect is an example of what?
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Selective attention
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Unlike other special sense receptors, the olfactory receptor membrane is found where?
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ON the primary afferent (receptor = primary afferent)
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What is the only sensory pathway that does not relay in the thalamus?
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Olfactory
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What explains the fact that smells are the most provoking of memories?
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Olfactory pathway is directly connected to cortical regions of the limbic system
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Olfactants are chaperoned to the receptor by what?
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olfactory binding proteins
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What critical body function is sour associated with?
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H+
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What critical body function is bitter associated with?
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Toxins
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Taste receptors are found where?
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on the 50-150 taste cells found within a taste bud
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What three tastants activate G-protein gustducin?
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Bitter, Sweet, Umami
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What 2 tastants allow entry of H+ or Na+ through leak channels?
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Sour and Salty (Sour also closes K+ channels)
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What tastants transduce through depolarization?
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Salty and sour
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Which tastants release ATP?
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bitter, sweet umami
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What tastants release serotonin (5HT)?
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sour and salty
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All tastants open which channels?
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Ca
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Hyperosmia
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increased perception
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Inability to identify/name the sensation
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agnosia
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Inability to identify/name the sensation
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agnosia
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