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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is it called when movements become uncoordinated and inaccurate due to a cerebellar lesion?
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ataxia
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What is the decompostion of synergistic multijoint movement called?
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dysynergia
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What are movements called when movement distances are judged wrongly?
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dysmetric
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What are the shallow ridges on the dorsal surface of the cerebellum called?
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folia
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How many lobules are in the cerebellum?
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10
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What increase the surface area of the cerebellum?
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folia and lobules
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What % of the brain volume is the cerebellum? What about neuronal %?
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10, 50
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What is the cerebellar "backbone"?
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VERMIS
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What is the function of the vermis?
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to send output to the brain stem structures that contribute to the ventromedial descending spinal pathways to control axial musculature
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What form the pontine nuclei? Where is the pontine nuclei? What is this entire tract called?
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Layer V pyramidal cells of sensorimotor, frontal areas 4 and 6, somatosensoryareas, posterior parietal lobes. It's in the pons. It's the corticopontocerebellar projection
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Where does the lateral cerebellum project through to get to the motor cortex?
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VL of the thalamus
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What are the three layers of cerebellar cortex going from the pial layer inward?
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molecular layer, purkinje cell layer, granule cell layer
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What NT do purkinje cells use?
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GABA
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From where do purkinje cells get input?
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Climbing fibers from the inferior olive
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How many climbing fiber cells synapse on a purkinje cell?
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just one
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How is it effective that a purkinje cell is only synapses on by one inferior olive cell?
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Because the climbing cell has hundreds of synapses that ALWAYS activate the purkinje cell
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What synapse on the granule cells and where do they come from?
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mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei
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What is the morphology of a granule cell?
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Very small, sends axons into the molecular layer, branches in t-shape and runs through molecular layer like telephone wire, synapsing once on each purkinje cell it contacts
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What is the morpholgy of a purkinje cell?
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thin flat, cell body in purkinje layer, projects to molecular layer
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What is the Marr-Albus theory of motor learning?
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predicts plasticity of parallel fiber sypanse if it is active at the same time as the climbing fiber input from the purkinje cell.
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What is long-term depression (LTD)?
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When parallel fiber synapses are active at the same time as climbing fibers, the effect on the purkinje cells was reduced in a long-term manner
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What is input specificity?
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When only the active inputs in cerebellum show synaptic plasticity
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Which receptors are internalized in response to LTD?
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AMPA
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What are the three primary funcitons of the cerebellum?
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motor planning, prediction, and control
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What are the thickest axons in the body?
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spinocerebellar
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WHat is a prime example of motor control?
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swinging of arms
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What are the three subparts of the cerebellum oldest - newest ?
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archicerebellum, paleocerebellum, neocerebellum
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What is another name for arcicerebellum?
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vestibulocerebellum
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What make up the flocculonodular lobe and what subcerebellum is this found in?
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the nodulus and flocculi, in the archicerebellum
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What is the archicerebellum in charge of?
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balance
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What is another name for the paleocerebellum?
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spinocerebellum
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What lobe is found in the paleocerebellum?
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anterior lobe (primary fissure up)
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What is the paleocerebellum in charge of?
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regulation of muscle tone
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What is the neocerebellum in charge of?
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skilled voluntary coordinated movements
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What lobe is found in the neocerebellum and where is it?
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primary fissure down and vermis
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How can the swelling of tonsils cause death?
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block foramen of magende
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Which parts of the cerebellum deal with which parts of musculature?
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midline is axial, lateral is distal, farthest lateral is planning
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In terms of inferior middle and superior cerebellum, which parts are mostly afferent efferent etc?
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inferior mostly afferent, middle all afferent, superior moslty efferent
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What are the afferents/efferents of the inferior cerebellum?
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posterior spinocerebellar, olivocerebellar fibres, reticulocerebellar fibres, vestibulocerebellar projections
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What does the posterior spinocerebellar tract do and where does it terminate?
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proprioceptive info from spindles and tendn organs, terminates in ant lobe
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How do olivocerebellar fibres terminate?
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climbing fibres
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What are reticulocerebellar fibres in charge of?
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feedback system
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Where do the vestibulocerebellar projections come from?
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vestibular nuclei
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Where is the only place where info goes directly out to the brainstem via purkinje cells?
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vestibulocerebellar projections
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What are the afferents/efferents of the middle cerebellum?
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pontocerebellar fibres
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How to pontocerebellar fibres terminate and what do they do?
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as mossy fibres, they send impulses from somatosensory, visual, motor, project to lateral for skilled motor movements and intention
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What are the afferents/efferents of the superior cerebellum?
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anterior spinocerebellar, NE axons from locus coeruleus, cerebellodentatorubral tract, cerebellodentatalthalamic tract, fastigiobulbar tract
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What is the function of the anterior spinocerebellar tract?
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same as posterior spinocerebellar
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Are the NE axons afferent of efferent?
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Afferent
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What is the purpose of the cerebellodentatorubral tract?
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flexor muscle tones, antagonist agonist muscles
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What is the purpose of the cerebellodentatothalamic tract?
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coordinate muscle movements
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What is the origin and destination of the cerebellodentatothalamic tract?
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VL of thal to motor area
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What are the four nuclei of the deep cerebellar nuclei?
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emboliform, globose, fastigial, and dentate
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Which nuclei make up the interposited nuclei? to where do they project? to do what?
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emboliform and globose, the red nucleus to control flexor muscle tone
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Tell me about the fastigial nucleus
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its on the midline, its function is balance, and it's the second largest
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Tell me about the dentate nucleus
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It's the largest, it projects to the thalamus using Glu or aspartate
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TO where does the vermis project, through where, and why?
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through fastigial nuclei to the vestibular nuclei and reticular formation for broad body and balance
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TO where does the intermediate cerebellum project, through where, and why?
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through interpose nuclei to the red nucleus and basal ganglia, for arm movements
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TO where does the lateral cerebellum project, through where, and why?
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through the dentate nucleus to the VL of the thalamus for motor, distal muscles, and voluntary skilled movements
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What are the three paths the spinocerebellum can take? Which is oldest?
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1. intermediate zone to interposed nuclei to red nucleus to rubrospinal
2. vermal zone to fastigial nucleus to vestibular nuclei to vestibulospinal (balance) 3. Flocculonodular lobe to vestibular nuclei to vestibulospinal, oldest, balance |
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What kinds of cells can be found in the molecular layer of the cerebellum?
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stellate cells and basket cells
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Tell me about stellate cells (Where, which NT, synapse?)
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use GABA mostly, some glycine, in the upper 1/3 of the molecular layer, synapse on purkinje cells
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Tell me about basket cells (which NT, function? where?)
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form pericellular baskets around purkinje somas, use GABA, deeper in molecular layer, STRONG inhibitory effects
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Tell me about the purkinje layer? axons? NT's? climbing fibers?
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axons go to deep cerebellar nuclei using GABA, climbing fibers are unusually excitatory using Glu
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What cells are found in the granule cell layer?
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small granule cells and golgi cells
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Tell me about small granule cells. Morphology? function?
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claw-like terminations, axon bifurcates in molecular layer as parallel fibres to synapse excitatorily on purkinje cells with a small effect
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Tell me about golgi cells. NT? Function?
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Use GABA mostly, some gly. Dendrites go to molecular layer, they form a glomerulus with mossy fibers and granule cells to excite granule cells
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To where does the deep cerebellar nuclei project?
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VL of thalamus
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Which fibers have an on-off function? which has a stronger effect?
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mossy and climbing, climbing
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What is unusual about the elephant brain?
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Huge cerebellum and large lugaro cells
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What are some modern cells?
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unipolar brush cell, candelobrum cell, lugaro cell
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What is habituation and what is associated with it?
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Decreased postsynaptic response after sustained stimulus, LTP
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What is sensitization and what is associated with it?
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being especially sensitive to a similar stimulus after an intense one, LTD
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Damage to the archiocerebellum causes what?
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balance problems, broad base and stagger and fall back
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Damage to the anterior cerebellum causes what?
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posture problems
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Damage to the neocerebellum causes what?
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dystonia or hypotonia, dysarthria (speech problems), intention tremor, asynergia and dysynergia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesis
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What is dysmetria?
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lack of rebound control, decomposition of movement
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What is dysdiadochokinesis?
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inability to do rapid repetitive movements
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What is dysmetria?
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undershoot or overshoot movement
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